Pterolepis glomerata (Tottb.) Miq. Family - Melastomataceae Common Names(s) - false meadow beauty Synonym(s) - Rhexia glomerata Rottb. (basionym), Arthostemma glomeratum Naud

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

?

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

11

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: tropical regions of eastern South America from Santa Catarina, Brazil, north to the Lesser Antilles.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.02

(1) Native to: tropical regions of eastern South America from Santa Catarina, Brazil, north to the Lesser Antilles.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.03

(1) Occurs from sea level to 1,000 m. [adapted to tropical climate, but elevation range suggests it may be able to tolerate cooler temperatures at higher elevations]

(1) http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Pterolepis_NJB1994.pdf [Cited 2009 December 17].

2.04

(1) Native to: tropical regions of eastern South America from Santa Catarina, Brazil, north to the Lesser Antilles. Naturalized in mesic to dry disturbed sites and trail margins on Kauai, Oahu, and Hawaii.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

Unknown [lack of positive evidence].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in mesic to dry disturbed sites and trail margins on Kauai, Oahu, and Hawaii.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pterolepis_glomerata/ [Cited 2009 December 17].

3.03

(1) No evidence. (2) This study documented the plants that invaded three teak plantations in Trinidad. "Plants found only in the teak coup were typically light-demanding ones." They included Pterolepis glomerata.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pterolepis_glomerata/ [Cited 2009 December 17]. (2) Ross, P. 1961. The plant ecology of teak plantations in Trinidad. Ecology 42 (2):387-398.

3.04

(1) Pterolepis glomerata is controlled on Schofield Barracks Military Reservation, Oahu when it threatens rare or endangered species. [management of taxon in an area with conservation goals that include protection of native vegetation].

(1) http://www.25idl.army.mil/sbcteis/feis/text/05_10.pdf [Cited 2009 December 17].

3.05

(1) No evidence of another species in the genus with negative impacts. However, Pterolepis pumila and Pterolepis glomeratum are cited as weeds.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species [Cited 2009 December 17].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 December 17]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 December 17].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 December 17]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 December 17].

4.08

Unknown [no information on flammability]

4.09

Unknown (1) This study documented the plants that invaded three teak plantations in Trinidad. "Plants found only in the teak coup were typically light-demanding ones." Documented plants included Pterolepis glomerata.

(1) Ross, P. 1961. The plant ecology of teak plantations in Trinidad. Ecology 42 (2):387-398.

4.10

Unknown (1) Pterolepis glomerata occurs in boggy coastal grasslands in Brazil that are called restinga.

(1) http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Pterolepis_NJB1994.pdf [Cited 2009 December 17].

4.11

(1) Suffrutescent herbs or subshrubs to 0.5 m tall.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

Unknown (1) Suffrutescent herbs or subshrubs to 0.5 m tall.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.01

(1) Suffrutescent herbs or subshrubs to 0.5 m tall.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Melastomataceae

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Melastomataceae

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) No underground storage organs.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule. (2) In this study on dispersal syndromes in a tropical palm-swamp community, Pterolepis glomerata had an average of 503.74 seeds per capsule. [small seed size] (3) Pterolepis glomerata is found in upper mesic to wet disturbed areas especially along trail edges.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104. (2) Ramirez, N., Brito, Y., 1988. Sindromes de dispersion de una comunidad de pantanos de palmeras (morichal) en los Altos Llanos centrales venezolanos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 61:53-60. (3) Hall, J.B., 2004. A hiker's guide to trailside plants in Hawaii. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1) Pterolepis glomerata is apomictic.

(1) Nelson, R., Brito, Y., 1990. Reproductive Biology of a Tropical Palm Swamp Community in the Venezuelan Llanos. American Journal of Botany 77, 1260-1271.

6.05

(1) Flowers of the Pterolepis genus are pollinated by small and medium-sized bees.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104.

6.06

(1) Can reproduce from root fragments.

(1) http://www.setonresourcecenter.com/register/2008/oct/21/E8-23561.pdf [Cited 2009 December 17]

6.07

(1) Fast growth rate. Early maturity.

(1) http://www.setonresourcecenter.com/register/2008/oct/21/E8-23561.pdf [Cited 2009 December 17]

7.01

(1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule. (2) In this study on dispersal syndromes in a tropical palm-swamp community, Pterolepis glomerata had an average of 503.74 seeds per capsule. [small seed size] (3) Pterolepis glomerata is found in upper mesic to wet disturbed areas especially along trail edges.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104. (2) Ramirez, N., Brito, Y., 1988. Sindromes de dispersion de una comunidad de pantanos de palmeras (morichal) en los Altos Llanos centrales venezolanos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 61:53-60. (3) Hall, J.B., 2004. A hiker's guide to trailside plants in Hawaii. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.

7.02

No evidence of intentional dispersal.

7.03

Unknown (1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104.

7.04

(1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule. [no adaptation for wind dispersal.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104.

7.05

(1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule. (2) In this study on dispersal syndromes in a tropical palm-swamp community, Pterolepis glomerata was dispersed by water.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104. (2) Ramirez, N., Brito, Y., 1988. Sindromes de dispersion de una comunidad de pantanos de palmeras (morichal) en los Altos Llanos centrales venezolanos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 61:53-60.

7.06

(1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule. (2) Bird dispersed.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104. (2) http://www.setonresourcecenter.com/register/2008/oct/21/E8-23561.pdf [Cited 2009 December 17]

7.07

(1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule. [no means of external attachment].

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104.

7.08

(1) Fruit a 3-5 mm high capsule.(2) In this study on dispersal syndromes in a tropical palm-swamp community, Pterolepis glomerata had an average of 503.74 seeds per capsule.

(1) Renner, S.S., 1994. A revision of Pterolepis (Melastomataceae: Melastomeae). - Nord. Nordic Journal of Botany 14, 73-104. (2) Ramirez, N., Brito, Y., 1988. Sindromes de dispersion de una comunidad de pantanos de palmeras (morichal) en los Altos Llanos centrales venezolanos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 61:53-60.

8.01

(1) In this study on dispersal syndromes in a tropical palm-swamp community, Pterolepis glomerata had an average of 503.74 seeds per capsule.

(1) Ramirez, N., Brito, Y., 1988. Sindromes de dispersion de una comunidad de pantanos de palmeras (morichal) en los Altos Llanos centrales venezolanos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 61:53-60.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Don't know (1) In this research on the host specificity and biology of Syphraea uberabensis for the potential biological control of Tibouchina herbacea in Hawaii, Pterolepis glomerata was indicated as a preferred host. [not released]

(1) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1633784821&Fmt=14&VType=
PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1260320346&clientId=79356 [Cited 2009 December 8].