Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pterocarpus dalbergioides DC. (Andaman redwood, Andaman Padauk)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence of naturalization

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1) 'Andaman padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergoides) is found only in the Andaman Islands and is sometimes called Andaman redwood or vermillion wood.' (2)It comes from Central and West Africa and from the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. (3)It is a semi-evergreen or deciduous tree, with a very wide natural distribution in the Indo-Pacific region and in East Africa.

(1)http://www.oakleywoods.com/company/paduprop.htm (2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:zH23mtT32
MEJ:www.adirondackwoodturners.org/Newsletters/Mushroomv
2.6.pdf+Pterocarpus+dalbergoides&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (3)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

It is a semi-evergreen or deciduous tree, with a very wide natural distribution in the Indo-Pacific region and in East Africa.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1)Approximate limits north to south: 36°N to 25°S - Altitude range: 0 - 100 m (2)Deciduous and semi-moist deciduous forest, usually near river banks, on well-drained sites up to 100m - trees often occur scattered in dipterocarp forest [native habitat]

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/tree_study/asia/3-129.html

2.04

(1) 'Andaman padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergoides) is found only in the Andaman Islands and is sometimes called Andaman redwood or vermillion wood.' (2)It comes from Central and West Africa and from the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. (3)It is a semi-evergreen or deciduous tree, with a very wide natural distribution in the Indo-Pacific region and in East Africa.

(1)http://www.oakleywoods.com/company/paduprop.htm (2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:zH23mtT32
MEJ:www.adirondackwoodturners.org/Newsletters/Mushroomv
2.6.pdf+Pterocarpus+dalbergoides&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (3)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1) "Taungya plantations have been successful in the Andamans with sugarcane and maize as field crops. "
(2) p.38 "Distribution: Endemic in the Andaman Is. In the Indian Ocean; 30 collections seen, mainly from S. Andaman. Cultivated in Calcatta, Dehra Dun, Java, Madagascar, Madras, Rangoon." [ valuable timber tree]

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Rojo JP, 1972. Pterocarpus (Leguminosae - Papilionaceae) revised for the world. Phanerogamarum Monographiae, Vol. 5. J. Cramer, Lehre. 119 pp. p.38

3.01

No evidence of naturalization

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

AB: "The major environmental weeds of Christmas Island are Adenanthera pavonina, Aleurites moluccana, Castilla elastica, Clausena excavata, Cordia curassavica, Delonix regia, Ficus elastica, Hevea brasiliensis, Mikania micrantha, Mucuna albertisii, Pithecellobium dulce, Pterocarpus indicus, Schefflera actinophylla, Spathodea campanulata and Tecoma stans . " [this reference a does not provide adequate evidence for threats caused by some of these species - it is speculative. Other Christmas island sources do not list P. indicus as a pest (e.g. http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/christmas/flora.html)]

4.01

No evidence of such structures

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=
pterocarpus+dalbergoides&submit=Submit+Query&search=all

4.04

The flowers and very young leaves can be eaten [humans, so premably can be eaten by animals]

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) Pests recorded
Insect pests:
Trigonocolus brachmanae
Zeuzera coffeae (see below 2)
Fungus diseases:
Fomes
(2) 'This study was conducted for increasing the control efficacy of Zeuzera coffeae and assessing the profit of control measures. The adult emergence periods, from April to June and from August to October, were considered as the best timing for chemical applications. Field trials indicated that 4 applications during the first adult emergence period and 3 applications during the second emergence obtained the best control efficiency and the highest net profit. Besides, based on the grape yield loss caused by Z. coffeae in various parts of grapevine and the cost of the artificial control at present in Taiwan, a tolerable injury level of grape to Z. coffeae has been established at the present study, that provided a base for measuring the control efficiency or assessing yield losses. Insecticide tests in the field indicated that 2.8% Deltamethrin E. C. at a rate of 2000-fold, or 2.8% Deltame-thriin E. C.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.entsoc.org.tw/english/journal/8vol/no1/6.htm

4.07

leaves used as food

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.08

Straight boled, single trunk tree, wet habitats

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.09

(1) 'It is fairly fast growing, a strong light demander and is very sensitive to suppression by weeds in its seedling stages.' (2)Tolerates light shade; The tree is shade tolerant in youth

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.1

(1)Soil texture: medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: neutral
- Special soil tolerances (2)Soil texture: heavy, medium, light

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.11

Not a vine, a tree

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

'P. dalbergioides is a small to medium-size tree, up to 25 m tall.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

Nitrogen fixing Fabaceae

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~meicenrd/mudescd/Xidw/Leguminosae/ppframe.htm

5.04

'P. dalbergioides is a small to medium-size tree, up to 25 m tall. '

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

The entire seed pods are used for artificial regeneration.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

Typical Fabaceae flower [bees]

http://www.alchemy-works.com/Resources/pterocarpus_engraving.JPG

6.06

Stand establishment using natural regeneration; direct sowing; planting stock

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

heavy wood [indicate relatively slow growing tree [minimum estimate for dense-wooded tree]

http://www.windsorplywood.com/exotic_woodofmonth.html

7.01

p.38 "Fruit (sub)orbicular, c. 4.5-5.5 (-7) cm on diameter, coffee brown to blackish, hairy, glabrescent, the stipe long anf slender, c. (0.5-)2-2.5(-3) cm, the wing wavy, the seed bearing part c. 1.5-2(-2.5) cm in diameter, usually blackish, thickened, up to c. 6mm. woody, later smooth, the beak generally sublateral, the margin between the beak and the stipe usually doubly concave or sometimes straight. Seeds 1-3, c. 5 by 10(-12) mm, rather curved near lilum, testa dark brown to blackish, smooth." [Probably not, large fruit.]

Rojo JP, 1972. Pterocarpus (Leguminosae - Papilionaceae) revised for the world. Phanerogamarum Monographiae, Vol. 5. J. Cramer, Lehre. 119 pp.

7.02

valuable timber tree "Taungya plantations have been successful in the Andamans with sugarcane and maize as field crops. "
(2) p.38 "Distribution: Endemic in the Andaman Is. In the Indian Ocean; 30 collections seen, mainly from S. Andaman. Cultivated in Calcatta, Dehra Dun, Java, Madagascar, Madras, Rangoon." [but the plant is little-known so people are unlikely to disperse it intentionally beyond plantations]

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Rojo JP, 1972. Pterocarpus (Leguminosae - Papilionaceae) revised for the world. Phanerogamarum Monographiae, Vol. 5. J. Cramer, Lehre. 119 pp. p.38

7.03

p.38 "Fruit (sub)orbicular, c. 4.5-5.5 (-7) cm on diameter, coffee brown to blackish, hairy, glabrescent, the stipe long anf slender, c. (0.5-)2-2.5(-3) cm, the wing wavy, the seed bearing part c. 1.5-2(-2.5) cm in diameter, usually blackish, thickened, up to c. 6mm. woody, later smooth, the beak generally sublateral, the margin between the beak and the stipe usually doubly concave or sometimes straight. Seeds 1-3, c. 5 by 10(-12) mm, rather curved near lilum, testa dark brown to blackish, smooth." [Probably not, large fruit.]

Rojo JP, 1972. Pterocarpus (Leguminosae - Papilionaceae) revised for the world. Phanerogamarum Monographiae, Vol. 5. J. Cramer, Lehre. 119 pp.

7.04

p.38 "Fruit (sub)orbicular, c. 4.5-5.5 (-7) cm on diameter, coffee brown to blackish, hairy, glabrescent, the stipe long anf slender, c. (0.5-)2-2.5(-3) cm, the wing wavy, the seed bearing part c. 1.5-2(-2.5) cm in diameter, usually blackish, thickened, up to c. 6mm. woody, later smooth, the beak generally sublateral, the margin between the beak and the stipe usually doubly concave or sometimes straight. Seeds 1-3, c. 5 by 10(-12) mm, rather curved near lilum, testa dark brown to blackish, smooth." [winged fruit on a tall tree]

Rojo JP, 1972. Pterocarpus (Leguminosae - Papilionaceae) revised for the world. Phanerogamarum Monographiae, Vol. 5. J. Cramer, Lehre. 119 pp.

7.05

usually near river banks

http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/tree_study/asia/3-129.html

7.06

p.38 "Fruit (sub)orbicular, c. 4.5-5.5 (-7) cm on diameter, coffee brown to blackish, hairy, glabrescent, the stipe long anf slender, c. (0.5-)2-2.5(-3) cm, the wing wavy, the seed bearing part c. 1.5-2(-2.5) cm in diameter, usually blackish, thickened, up to c. 6mm. woody, later smooth, the beak generally sublateral, the margin between the beak and the stipe usually doubly concave or sometimes straight. Seeds 1-3, c. 5 by 10(-12) mm, rather curved near lilum, testa dark brown to blackish, smooth." [dry, hard fruit.]

Rojo JP, 1972. Pterocarpus (Leguminosae - Papilionaceae) revised for the world. Phanerogamarum Monographiae, Vol. 5. J. Cramer, Lehre. 119 pp.

7.07

no known means of attachment

7.08

No evidence of ingestion

8.01

Seeds 1-3 [per pod]

Rojo JP, 1972. Pterocarpus (Leguminosae - Papilionaceae) revised for the world. Phanerogamarum Monographiae, Vol. 5. J. Cramer, Lehre. 119 pp.

8.02

Pterocarpus indicus is one of the most important species for plantation programmes in East Nusa Tenggara, and the quality of seeds has a significant effect on plantation success. Seed germination is an important parameter for determining seed quality. A completely random design was employed in this experiment with 3 replicates of 100 seeds, and seed storage duration's of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 months, under refrigerated conditions at 4 deg C. The effects of those treatments were measured on germination rate, germination value, and final germination percentage. The results showed that germination rate and value decreased with increasing storage duration. Seed germination was also affected by storage duration, with lower final germination percentages from longer storage. Storage for 6 months or more killed most of the seeds. Based on these results, it is recommended that storage be done for a maximum of 4 months. [based on data from P. indicus, may not form a seedbank]

SO: Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan - Kupang, 1996, Vol.1, No.1, pp.26-33, 10 ref.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Ability to suited for coppicing; suited for pollarding

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Don’t know