Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
  Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum (Synonyms: Eranthemum graciliflorum (Nees), Eranthemum malaccense (Clarke in Hook.f.) , Pseuderanthemum malaccense (C.B. Clarke Lindau). Common name - blue crossandra, blue twilight, florida twilight Answer Score
1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
1.02 Has the species become naturalized where grown? n  
1.03 Does the species have weedy races? n  
2.01 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” 2  
2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high)                 see appendix 2 2  
2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)    
2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y 1
2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?  y=-2 ?  
3.01 Naturalized beyond native range         y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 n -1
3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed                              y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.03 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed                         y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.04 Environmental weed                                                     y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.05 Congeneric weed                                                          y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) y 2
4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0
4.02 Allelopathic n 0
4.03 Parasitic n 0
4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals    
4.05 Toxic to animals n 0
4.06 Host for recognized pests and pathogens n 0
4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0
4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0
4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y 1
4.1 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)    
4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0
4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0
5.01 Aquatic n 0
5.02 Grass n 0
5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0
5.04 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) n 0
6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat    
6.02 Produces viable seed.    
6.03 Hybridizes naturally    
6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic    
6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0
6.06 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation n -1
6.07 Minimum generative time (years)                 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 0
7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) n -1
7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1
7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1
7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal    
7.05 Propagules water dispersed    
7.06 Propagules bird dispersed    
7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)    
7.08 Propagules survive passage through the gut    
8.01 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)    
8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)    
8.03 Well controlled by herbicides    
8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire    
8.05 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)    
  Total score:   1

Supporting data:

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence [false + Eranthemum - name adopted for a group of species formerly placed in Eranthemum. ... Currently thought to be a genus of about 60 species growing naturally throughout the tropics. Psuederanthemum is taxonimically confused, the actual numbe of species could be considerably less, but only a thorough revision can establish the true number. Several speceis have attractively marked foliage and are cultivated as ornamentals, the taxonomy of these horticultural varieties is even more confused.]

Staples G. W. and Herbst D. R. 2005. A tropical garden flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulul. Hawaii. Page 89.

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin: Penang, Sri Lanka, India and Malaya. (2)Pseuderanthemum - Currently thought to be a genus of about 60 species growing naturally throughout the tropics.

(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Pseuderanthemum_graciflorum (2)Staples G. W. and Herbst D. R. 2005. A tropical garden flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulul. Hawaii. Page 89.

2.02

2.03

No evidence regarding the species environmenatal versatility.

2.04

(1)Origin: Penang, Sri Lanka, India and Malaya. (2)Pseuderanthemum - Currently thought to be a genus of about 60 species growing naturally throughout the tropics.

(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Pseuderanthemum_graciflorum (2)Staples G. W. and Herbst D. R. 2005. A tropical garden flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulul. Hawaii. Page 89.

2.05

Common herb along roadsides in Taiwan.

http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/gen.exe/data?HBID=185763

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

(1)Pseuderanthemum carruthersii, native of New Caledonia is introduced and cultivated in several Pacific Islands and is reported to be invasive on Palau. (2)'Pseuderanthemum fasciculatum occurs in Hawaii - 'This is the first report of the species in Hawai

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/pseuderanthemum_carruthersii.htm (2)Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 56: pg 8. May 1998.

4.01

No evidence of these structures.

http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume19/Acanthaceae-CAS_original.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know.

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence regarding associated pests or pathogens.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - an evergreen low growing semi-woody shrub that is rare in cultivation.

http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Pseuderanthemum_graciflorum.htm

4.09

'This plant is low-growing semi-woody shrub that can be used as a ground cover or specimen plant underneath a bigget shrub or tree. Looks great in mass plantings. Privide filtered light for darker foliage and healthier look.' -Probably suggests that  it can tolerate shade.

 

4.1

No evidence regarding soil requirements.

4.11

4.12

No evidence

5.01

5.02

This plant is low-growing semi-woody shrub

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Pseuderanthemum_graciflorum

5.03

5.04

6.01

Not much evidence regarding the behavior of the species in the native habitat.

 

6.02

Don’t know. [P. alatum does not seed to form seeds in Hawaii.]

6.03

No evidence of hybridization in the genus Psuederanthemum - however based on the literature the genus does not appear to be ecologically well studied.

 

6.04

Don’t know.

6.05

Probably not - photo of flowers does not suggest adaptation to specialst pollinators.

http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Pseuderanthemum_graciflorum.htm

6.06

No evidence regarding spread by vegetative means.

6.07

A semi woody low growing shrub cultivated for it flowers - probably takes about 2 years to flower.

 

7.01

Probably not - rare in cultivation - not known to be grown in heavilty trafficked areas.

 

7.02

Probably yes - an ornamental plant. Also, this plant is often confused with Crossandra another ornamental plant.

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Pseuderanthemum_graciflorum

7.03

Probably not - no evidence that the species grows near produce crops.

7.04

Genus characteristic - fruit slenderly club-shaped. Seeds 2 or 4, disc shaped. [No evidence regarding seed morphology of P. graciliflorum].

Staples G. W. and Herbst D. R. 2005. A tropical garden flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulul. Hawaii. Page 89.

7.05

Genus characteristic - fruit slenderly club-shaped. Seeds 2 or 4, disc shaped. [No evidence regarding seed morphology of P. graciliflorum].

 

7.06

Genus characteristic - fruit slenderly club-shaped. Seeds 2 or 4, disc shaped. [No evidence regarding seed morphology of P. graciliflorum].

 

7.07

Genus characteristic - fruit slenderly club-shaped. Seeds 2 or 4, disc shaped. [No evidence regarding seed morphology of P. graciliflorum].

 

7.08

Genus characteristic - fruit slenderly club-shaped. Seeds 2 or 4, disc shaped. [No evidence regarding seed morphology of P. graciliflorum].

 

8.01

Genus characteristic - fruit slenderly club-shaped. Seeds 2 or 4, disc shaped. [No evidence regarding seed morphology of P. graciliflorum. But probably not - with only 2 to 4 seeds per fruit.]

 

8.02

No evidence regarding seedbank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Don’t know.

8.05

Don’t know.


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This page created 24 December 2006