Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Potentilla neumanniana (P. verna; P. crantzii; P. tabernaemontani; P.maculata; P. Potentilla flabellifolia var. hirta ) ; spring cinquefoil

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409459 (30 January 2003) (2)http://tomclothier.hort.net/page04.html

Native Range: Europe: Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation - European part; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom (2)Seems to require vernalization at 5ºC

2.02

2.03

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409459 (30 January 2003)
(2) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (3)http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/06305.html (4)http://www.botanyworld.com/potentilla.html (5)http://www.nargs.org/gardening/Potentilla.neumanniana.html (6)http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/biodiversity/habitats11-19/acidgrass_text.htm (7)http://www.lbap.org.uk/HTML/habitat/CGrass.htm

(1) Native Range:
Europe: Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation - European part; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom
(2) Hardness range 5A-8B (3) up to at least 9000 ft (=3000 m) in Colorado, but lower range not given (4)cool, moist soil (5)Zones 4-8 (6)Lowland acidic grasslands (UK) (7)unimproved calcareous grassland in Lancashire (UK)

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409459 (30 January 2003)

Native Range: Europe: Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation - European part; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom

2.05

(1) Pittenger, D. R.; Shaw, D. A.; Hodel, D. R.; Holt, D. B. (2001) Responses of landscape groundcovers to minimum irrigation. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 2001, Vol.19, No.2, pp.78-84, 16 ref.
(2) Staats, D.; Klett, J. E. (1995) Water conservation potential and quality of non-turf groundcovers versus Kentucky bluegrass under increasing level of drought stress. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 1995, Vol.13, No.4, pp.181-185, 13 ref.
(3) Smith, R. C. (1977) Woody ornamentals that survive tough Texas environment. American Nurseryman, 1977, Vol.146, No.12, p.13, 52, 54, 7 ref.

(1) California; (2) Colorado; (3) Texas

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

Potentilla species were listed as principal or common weeds in several temperate countries.

4.01

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

no descripton of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://www.bgperennials.com/deer_resistant_perennials.html

deer resistant

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/06305.html

fire resistant

4.09

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/06305.html (3)http://www.shadyacresnursery.com/Potentilla.html (4)http://timer.home.donobi.net/groundcovers.html

(1)"partial shade or partial sun to full sun." (2)Part sun (3)Sun (4)Sun or Partial Shade

4.1

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.shadyacresnursery.com/Potentilla.html

(1) "loamy, sandy." (2)Not particular about soil

4.11

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

perennial groundcover of spreading or horizontal form.

4.12

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

perennial groundcover of spreading or horizontal form.

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

perennial groundcover; Rosaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

perennial groundcover of spreading or horizontal form.

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

"Propagation: seeds or division."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Totland, O. (1994) Influence of climate, time of day and season, and flower density on insect flower visitation in alpine Norway. Arctic and Alpine Research, 1994, Vol.26, No.1, pp.66-71, 31 ref.

insect pollinated

6.06

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

"Propagation: seeds or division." [stolans can easily break]

6.07

no evidence

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

grown as groundcover

7.03

no evidence

7.04

http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kenr/prairieplants.html

Potentilla -- fruita composed of dry achenes [appears to be gravity dispersal]

7.05

no evidence

7.06

http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kenr/prairieplants.html

Potentilla -- fruita composed of dry achenes

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

unlikely -- <50 seeds per flowerhead, flowerheads mature singly

8.02

Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus shrubland.
AU: Bakker, J. P.; Bakker, E. S.; Rosén, E.; Verweij, G. L.; Bekker, R. M.
ED: Bakker, J. P.; Willems, J. H.; Zobel, M.
AA: Laboratory of Plant Ecology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
SO: Journal of Vegetation Science, 1996, Vol.7, No.2, pp.165-176, 39 ref.

AB: "Arenaria serpyllifolia, Trifolium repens, Agrostis vinealis, Linum catharticum, Polygala vulgaris, Cerastium fontanum, Luzula campestris, Achillea millefolium and Potentilla tabernaemontani were the only species left in the seed bank."

8.03

http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/cinquefoil.html

Tordon (picloram) and 2,4-D ester both provide effective control of cinquefoil without harming grasses [other weeds Potentilla are easily controlled, so the same is assumed for P. verna]

8.04

http://www.cvwd.org/lush&eff/lsh&ef39.htm

May be mowed to present a more tailored look, Tolerates light traffic

8.05

no evidence