Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Podocarpus elatus (Nageia elata); plum pine, brown pine

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

8

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Podocarpus+elatus (29 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native: Australasia: Australia - New South Wales [e.], Queensland [e.]

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Podocarpus+elatus (29 June 2002) (2)http://gardenbed.com/p/2780.cfm (3)www.anu.edu.au/Forestry/wood/nwfp/iplum/Iplum.html

(1)Distributional range:
Native: Australasia: Australia - New South Wales [e.], Queensland [e.] (2)Coastal scrub forest (3)found in dense subtropical, riverine and seashore rainforests along the east coast of Australia from Cape York peninsula almost to the NSW-Victorian border

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Podocarpus+elatus (29 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native: Australasia: Australia - New South Wales [e.], Queensland [e.]

2.05

(1)Hawai‘I (2)California

(1) (2)http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwcatalog.detail_list?this_id=2445454

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Earle, C.J. (2001) Podocarpus elatus. A webpage of Gymnosperm Database
Available at <http://www.conifers.org/po/po/elatus.htm>

Description: "Medium to large tree with brown to dark brown bark that is often fissured and scaly on old trees. Leaves oblong to linear, 6-18 mm wide, 5-14 cm long, midvein prominent, other veins obscure. Male cones narrow-cylindrical, catkin-like, to 3 cm long, in ± sessile, axillary clusters. Female cones axillary, stalked, solitary; scales few, fleshy, uniting with the stalk to form a fleshy receptacle. Fruiting receptacle blue-black, glaucous, fleshy, to 20 mm diam., bearing an almost globose seed c 10 mm diam.; ripe Mar.-July"

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

Hoorweg, K. (1999) Illawarra plum - Podocarpus elatus. A Webpage of The Australian National University. Available at <http://www.anu.edu.au/Forestry/wood/nwfp/iplum/Iplum.html>

"P. elatus is superficially similar to taxus or yew species but no part of the plant is even slightly poisonous "

4.08

possibly (gymnosperm)

4.09

(1)Plants for a Future, The Field, Penpol, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0NG, UK.
Website: www.pfaf.org
This page http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Podocarpus+elatus (UK)
This page http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Podocarpus+elatus (US) (2)http://www.brisrain.webcentral.com.au/stages.html (3)http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/Shop/enter.html?target=Forestry_TubestockRainforest_trees.html

(1)" It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade." (2)Late successional stage, shade tolerant (3)An excellent indoor or tub plant.

4.1

Plants for a Future, The Field, Penpol, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0NG, UK.
Website: www.pfaf.org
This page http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Podocarpus+elatus (UK)
This page http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Podocarpus+elatus (US)

"The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid and neutral soils.The plant can tolerate maritime exposure. "

4.11

Earle, C.J. (2001) Podocarpus elatus. A webpage of Gymnosperm Database
Available at <http://www.conifers.org/po/po/elatus.htm>

tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Podocarpaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Hoorweg, K. (1999) Illawarra plum - Podocarpus elatus. A Webpage of The Australian National University. Available at <http://www.anu.edu.au/Forestry/wood/nwfp/iplum/Iplum.html>

"Propagation can be from seeds or cutting: Seed can be sown at any time of the year in a sandy soil in a warm greenhouse, and cuttings of half-ripe terminal shoots, 5-10 cm long, can be struck around July/August in a frame. "

6.03

no evidence

6.04

Hoorweg, K. (1999) Illawarra plum - Podocarpus elatus. A Webpage of The Australian National University. Available at <http://www.anu.edu.au/Forestry/wood/nwfp/iplum/Iplum.html>

"P. elatus is a dioecious species, with separate male and female plants, which must both be grown if seeds or fruits are required "

6.05

Hoorweg, K. (1999) Illawarra plum - Podocarpus elatus. A Webpage of The Australian National University. Available at <http://www.anu.edu.au/Forestry/wood/nwfp/iplum/Iplum.html>

Although there are no true cones on Podocarpus spp, in the case of P. elatus male trees do have light brown, catkin-like cone structures arranged in clusters of 10 to 20 in leaf axils or above leaf scars; and female plants bear a small solitary cone, inconspicuous before fertilisation, in lower leaf axils or branchlets above leaf scars

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Podocarpus elatus. A webpage of Australian National Botanical Garden. Available at <http://www.anbg.gov.au/anbg/conifers/podocarpus-elatus.html>

"Plum Pine trees grow to 40 m and are fast growing, taking 8 to 10 years to reach maturity. "

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Available at <http://www.conifers.org/po/po/elatus.htm>

"Exploited for timber and as an ornamental "

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1)Podocarpus elatus. A webpage of Australian National Botanical Garden. Available at <http://www.anbg.gov.au/anbg/conifers/podocarpus-elatus.html> (2)http://www.sydneybats.org.au/BatFacts/DietSpecies.html

(1)" Birds help disperse the seeds of Plum Pines. " (2)Bats feed on fruits

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

Available at <http://www.conifers.org/po/po/elatus.htm>

" Fruiting receptacle blue-black, glaucous, fleshy, to 20 mm diam., bearing an almost globose seed c 10 mm diam" [large fruit bearing only 1 seed.]

8.02

Plants for a Future, The Field, Penpol, Lostwithiel, Cornwall, PL22 0NG, UK.
Website: www.pfaf.org
This page http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Podocarpus+elatus (UK)
This page http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Podocarpus+elatus (US)

"The seed can be sown at any time of the year in a sandy soil in a warm greenhouse, though it is probably best sown as soon as it is ripe."

8.03

no evidence

8.04

Podocarpus elatus. A webpage of Australian National Botanical Garden. Available at <http://www.anbg.gov.au/anbg/conifers/podocarpus-elatus.html>

"Podocarpus plants are fire tolerant (unlike most other conifers). "

8.05

no evidence