Pinus taeda (L.) Family - Pinaceae Common Names(s) - loblolly pine, loblollyden, huo ju song.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: United States - New Jersey, Oklahoma, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Texas.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28556#common [Cited 2010 March 9].

2.02

(1) Native to: United States - New Jersey, Oklahoma, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Texas. (2) P. taeda grows in the temperate climatic zone, and can be planted in the subtropics and tropics. "P. taeda has been planted for timber production in many countries around the world. It is planted on a large scale in South Africa, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and China. Generally, productive plantations are found between 24° and 30° north and south of the Equator, between 500 and 900 m altitude.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28556#common [Cited 2010 March 9]. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

2.03

(1) "P. taeda has been planted for timber production in many countries around the world. It is planted on a large scale in South Africa, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and China. Generally, productive plantations are found between 24° and 30° north and south of the Equator, between 500 and 900 m altitude. P. taeda aggressively seeds into old fields in the southeastern United States and has become naturalized on many sites worldwide where it has been planted for timber and pulp production." Vegetation types: bottomland forests; coniferous forests; deciduous forests; mixed forests; moist forests; swamps; wetlands. P. taeda grows in the temperate climatic zone, and can be planted in the subtropics and tropics. Within its native range, rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year; heavy downpours and mild summer droughts are relatively common occurrences. "Climate is generally considered mild in its native range, with hot summers and cool winters. On the edges of its range, growth and reproduction are generally limited by late frosts that hinder flowering and by inadequate rainfall during the growing season." Climatic amplitude (estimates)
- Altitude range: 0 - 900 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 900 - 2200 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer; uniform
- Dry season duration: 0 - 6 months
- Mean annual temperature: 14 - 24ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 20 - 35ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 1 - 18ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: > -23ºC (2) Mesic lowlands and swamp borders to dry uplands; 0--700m

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 9]. (3) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/PINTAEA.pdf [Cited 2010 March 9].

2.04

(1) Pinus taeda is invasive in Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Hawaii and South Africa and naturalized in New Zealand.

(1) Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., 2004. Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Diversity and Distributions 10, 321-331.

2.05

(1) "P. taeda is the most important timber tree in the southeastern USA and is planted for timber production in many other countries. It is a fast-growing tree with high-quality wood that is widely used for pulp and paper and for construction materials. It is heavily utilized in plantation programmes and as a resource for pulp and paper production. As an exotic it is used in Africa (particularly South Africa and Zimbabwe) and in South America for various products ranging from lumber to pulpwood."

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

3.01

(1) "P. taeda has been planted for timber production in many countries around the world. It is planted on a large scale in South Africa, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and China. Generally, productive plantations are found between 24° and 30° north and south of the Equator, between 500 and 900 m altitude. P. taeda aggressively seeds into old fields in the southeastern United States and has become naturalized on many sites worldwide where it has been planted for timber and pulp production."

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

3.02

(1) "P. taeda is a very aggressive old field colonizer." (2) "Many studies have documented the spread of pines and other trees into abandoned farmlands in the southeastern USA. Pines (notably Pinus taeda) usually invade such sites within 10 years of abandonment, and rapidly form closed stands which are gradually replaced by hardwoods in the absence of major disturbances"

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=YawYOzQmcHEC&pg=PA403&dq=
ecology+and+biology+of+pinus&cd=1#v=onepage&q=taeda&f=false [Cited 2010 March 11].

3.03

(1) Pinus taeda is invasive in Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Hawaii and South Africa and naturalized in New Zealand. (2) "P. taeda is a very aggressive old field colonizer." (3) "Many studies have documented the spread of pines and other trees into abandoned farmlands in the southeastern USA. Pines (notably Pinus taeda) usually invade such sites within 10 years of abandonment, and rapidly form closed stands which are gradually replaced by hardwoods in the absence of major disturbances" (4) Small Pinus taeda plantations that are surrounded by seed-producing P.taeda stands often contain many volunteer seedlings. These volunteers can greatly alter stand density and growth rate, and can partially negate the spacing and stocking control benefits of planting. [did not detail the economic cost to the forestry efforts].

(1) Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., 2004. Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Diversity and Distributions 10, 321-331. (2) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (3) http://books.google.com/books?id=YawYOzQmcHEC&pg=PA403&dq=
ecology+and+biology+of+pinus&cd=1#v=onepage&q=taeda&f=false [Cited 2010 March 11]. (4) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

3.04

(1) Pinus taeda is invasive in Argentina; Australia; Brazil; Hawaii and South Africa and naturalized in New Zealand. (2) Pinus taeda is considered to be an environmental weed in New Zealand. It is included in the Consolidated List of Environmental Weeds in New Zealand. To be included in the list a plant species must have met one of the following criteria: at least one infestation of the species is on land administered by DOC and DOC currently has a weed-led control program for it; the species is controlled on at least one site to protect the natural heritage values of the site (e.g. threatened plant species); the species is perceived by staff as having a damaging effect on the natural heritage values of at least one site, but resources are insufficient of the species to be controlled there.

(1) Richardson, D.M., Rejmánek, M., 2004. Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Diversity and Distributions 10, 321-331. (2) http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/drds292.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

3.05

(1) Pinus mugo has invaded dunes and heathland habitats in Denmark, where it is altering the microclimate and impacting the ecosystem conditions for native biodiversity. A large number of red-listed and other species worthy of protection are reduced in population size or becoming locally extinct. (2) Pinus radiata, P. pinaster and P. halepensis have much in common. They are all hard pines in the subgenus Pinus and Section Pinus. All three are Mediterranean climate, coastal species; all three have been spreading in South Africa for at least 150 years, now invade large areas and are mainly problematic in the ‘fynbos’ vegetation, in the species rich, fire-adapted Cape Floral Kingdom

(1) http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/pinus_mugo.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11]. (2) http://www.invasive.org/publications/xsymposium/proceed/13pg941.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 9].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 9].

4.04

(1) Pinus taeda is rarely damaged seriously if cattle have adequate forage and are managed properly. Cattle may brows or trample young trees and may rub or chew bark from older trees.

(1) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

4.05

(1) Pinus taeda seeds are an important food source for birds and small mammals. More than 20 songbirds feed on the seed. Deer and rabbits browse seedlings.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pintae/all.html#MANAGEMENT%20CONSIDERATIONS [Cited 2010 March 11].

4.06

(1) "P. taeda is subject to damage from a number of diseases, insects and abiotic factors. Several of these agents are capable of causing widespread and severe resource damage. Seedlings in nurseries are susceptible to several fungi that cause black root rot. These include Fusarium spp., Macrophomina spp., and possibly others.The most damaging stem disease of P. taeda is fusiform rust, caused by the fungus Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme. This disease causes formation of fusiform shaped cankers on the stems and can severely weaken or kill trees. The alternate host for this fungus is various species of oaks, Quercus spp. The fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii causes a root and butt rot, usually after basal injuries. The fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii causes a root and butt rot, usually after basal injuries. The larvae of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana bore into the tender young shoots of P. taeda and other pines. This insect is a major pest of young plantations and seed orchards. Feeding damage retards height growth, causes crooks or forks in the main stems, reduces cone crops and, occasionally, kills trees. The loblolly pine scale, Oracella acuta attacks several species of pines within its geographic range in the southeastern USA. It tends to appear in large numbers in loblolly pine seed orchards following heavy use of chemical insecticides." (2) Host to Cronartium quercuum (Fusarium rust).

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

4.07

(1) No allergies have been reported for Pinus taeda. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (3) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.pollenlibrary.com/botany_researchers_maps.php?view=species.php&species=Pinus+taeda&common=Loblolly+Pine [Cited 2010 March 11].(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 March 11].(3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/d?./temp/~FRVSyU:40:@sa [Cited 2010 March 11].

4.08

(1) Pinus taeda is considered fire resistant. Mature trees survive low to moderate severity fires because of relatively thick bark and tall crowns. Needles are low in resin and not highly flammable.

(1) http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pintae/all.html [Cited 2010 March 11].

4.09

(1) "P. taeda is a shade intolerant aggressive pioneer species that rapidly invades disturbed sites with exposed mineral soils and full sunlight. Within its native range it is known for its propensity to seed into abandoned fields. Natural regeneration of P. taeda is favoured by adequate P. taeda seed sources, generally as seed trees or adjacent upwind stands. However, seeds can remain viable on the soil surface for several years." (2) Full sun.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/PINTAEA.pdf [Cited 2010 March 9].

4.10

(1) "P. taeda is generally associated with ultisols and alfisols, but can grow on a wide variety of soil types, textures, moisture levels, and acidity. P. taeda exhibits very slow growth on infertile soils." Soil descriptors
- Soil texture: light; medium; heavy
- Soil drainage: free; impeded; seasonally waterlogged
- Soil reaction: very acid; acid; neutral
- Soil types: acid soils; alfisols; alluvial soils; vertisols; bog soils; clay soils; colluvial soils; fluvisols; gleysols; gravelly soils; peat soils; loess soils; ferralsols; podzols; sandstone soils; sandy soils; silty soils; swamp soils; ultisols; volcanic soils (2) Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/PINTAEA.pdf [Cited 2010 March 9].

4.11

(1) Trees to 46m

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 8].

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 9].

5.02

(1) Pinaceae.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 9].

5.03

(1) Pinaceae

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

5.04

(1) Terrestrial.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 9].

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Pinus taeda seeds profusely and regenerates easily.

(1) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

6.03

(1) P. taeda readily hybridizes with most southern yellow pines. (2) Pinus echinata and Pinus taeda naturally hybridize across the southeastern United States.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) Xu, S., Tauer, C., Nelson, C., 2008. Natural hybridization within seed sources of shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata Mill.) and loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.). Tree Genetics & Genomes 4, 849-858.

6.04

(1) "Because the flowers of a single tree usually develop almost synchronously, pollination of all flowers of a tree often is completed in 5 to 7 days, but may require up to 10 to 14 days. Flowers of different trees can develop at substantially different rates, so pollination within a single stand can extend over a period of several weeks." "Cross-pollination and cross-fertilization predominate in loblolly pine, primarily because (1) the volume of pollen from surrounding trees overwhelms that of an individual tree, (2) male flowers tend to mature before female flowers on the same tree, and (3) most catkins are borne on branches in the lower crown, and pollen is usually carried away from the mother tree before it is lifted on wind currents. In combination, these factors
promote pollination by surrounding trees. However, opengrown trees with large crowns commonly have both male and female flowers intermingled in the middle part of the crown and occasionally have female flowers on lower branches. This tends to promote limited self-fertilization."

(1) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

6.05

(1) Pinaceae [wind pollinated].

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005364 [Cited 2010 March 9].

6.06

(1) Propagated by seed.

(1) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

6.07

(1) "P. taeda is monoecious. Flowering occurs between mid February and mid April, depending on temperature. Cones mature in two growing seasons and ripen in October (Young and Young, 1992). P. taeda generally does not flower until age 10-12, but has been observed on grafted trees as young as 3 years old." (2) Flowering usually begins between ages 5 to 10.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

7.01

(1) "The umbo is armed with a short spine. Seeds are small, 5 to 8 mm long, dark brown and rough. Seed wings 15 to 20 mm long and light brown."

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

7.02

(1) "P. taeda is a commonly planted as an urban tree and has been used to stabilize soil. Pure and mixed stands of P. taeda provide habitat for several species of wildlife. It is frequently planted as a buffer or hedge, especially along interstate roads in the southeastern USA." (2) Pinus taeda is the leading timber species in the United States, predominating on over 13 million hectares in the southern forest lands.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

7.03

No evidence of produce contamination in the literature. (1) "The umbo is armed with a short spine. Seeds are small, 5 to 8 mm long, dark brown and rough. Seed wings 15 to 20 mm long and light brown." (2) Pinus taeda is the most commonly used timber species in the southeastern United States. Mature cones are 5 to 15 cm in length about 4 cm in diameter. Pinus taeda seeds are about 6 mm long. The apophysis and outer scale tissue contain much oleoresin, which helps keep cones closed until they dehydrate in autumn.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

7.04

(1) "The umbo is armed with a short spine. Seeds are small, 5 to 8 mm long, dark brown and rough. Seed wings 15 to 20 mm long and light brown."

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

7.05

(1)The importance of seed dispersal by water, to the regeneration of Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica was examined in a forested floodplain of the Savannah River in South Carolina. Seeds of Pinus taeda were also dispersed by elevated water levels following short-term, high discharge floods. The seeds were moved from bottomland hardwood communities to the bald cypress-water tupelo forest along the Savannah River. (2) Pinus taeda grows vigorously along streambanks in the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont and Interior Upland physiographic regions in its native range.

(1) Schneider, R.L., Sharitz, R.R., 1988. Hydrochory and regeneration in a bald cypress-water tupelo swamp forest. Ecology and Society 69, 1055-1063. (2) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

7.06

(1) "The umbo is armed with a short spine. Seeds are small, 5 to 8 mm long, dark brown and rough. Seed wings 15 to 20 mm long and light brown." [wind dispersed]

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

7.07

(1) "The umbo is armed with a short spine. Seeds are small, 5 to 8 mm long, dark brown and rough. Seed wings 15 to 20 mm long and light brown." [no means of external attachment]. (2) Small rodents and birds can severely deplete seed production.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

7.08

Unknown. (1) "The umbo is armed with a short spine. Seeds are small, 5 to 8 mm long, dark brown and rough. Seed wings 15 to 20 mm long and light brown." (2) Small rodents and birds can severely deplete seed production.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

8.01

(1) "A large open-grown tree can produce up to 40,000 seeds in a bumper year, but the average mature tree yields about 9,000 to 15,000 seeds in a good year. The average cone has the potential to produce about 155 seeds. Often only 20-25% of this number actually develop." "When conditions are exceptionally favorable, loblolly pines can produce more than 2.5 million sound seeds per hectare." Seed production varies by year and region.

(1) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

8.02

(1) "P. taeda is a shade intolerant aggressive pioneer species that rapidly invades disturbed sites with exposed mineral soils and full sunlight. Within its native range it is known for its propensity to seed into abandoned fields. Natural regeneration of P. taeda is favoured by adequate P. taeda seed sources, generally as seed trees or adjacent upwind stands. However, seeds can remain viable on the soil surface for several years." Seed storage orthodox.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Tolerates drought; fire; waterlogging; frost - Ability to regenerate rapidly; self-prune (2) Fire has long been a mainstay in the regeneration of Pinus taeda.

(1) CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2) http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ah_713.pdf [Cited 2010 March 11].

8.05

Unknown