Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Peltophorum pterocarpum; [Peltophorum ferrugineum] yellow flame; yellow poinciana

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University of Florida Press. Gainesville

rare escape from cultivation in Florida

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103

"Origin and geographic distribution: yellow flame is distributed over a large area ranging from Sri Lanka, the Andaman Islands, Thailand and Indo-China, through the whole of Malesia, Indonesia and the Philippines."

2.02

2.03

(1)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103 (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pelt_pte.cfm (3)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1)Ecology: "Undernatural conditions, yellow flame is a lowland species, rarely occuring above 100m altitude." (2)USDA Zones 10 - 11. (3)Under natural conditions yellow flame is a lowland species, rarely occurring above 100 m in elevation,

2.04

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103

"Origin and geographic distribution: yellow flame is distributed over a large area ranging from Sri Lanka, the Andaman Islands, Thailand and Indo-China, through the whole of Malesia, Indonesia and the Philippines."

2.05

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.102

"It is widely cultivated throughout its natural area of distribution, and also in Bismark Archepelago, India, tropical Africa, the West Indies, Central America, Florida and Hawaii."

3.01

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pelt_pte.cfm (2)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University of Florida Press. Gainesville

(1)It has escaped from cultivation and established itself in disturbed areas in southern Florida and Hawaii. [info from source 2] (2)rare escape from cultivation in Florida

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.102

no decription of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.102

Uses: "The leaves, which are rich in protein are used as cattle feed."

4.05

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103

Uses: "The leaves, which are rich in protein are used as cattle feed."

4.06

no evidence

4.07

Prakashkumar, R.; Mathew, P. M.; Ravindran, P. (1998) Studies on the allergenicity of nine tropical pollen allergens. Grana, 1998, Vol.37, No.3, pp.185-188, 22 ref.

AB: Allergy evaluation studies using the antigens of nine commonly occurring airborne pollen grains in the state of Kerala, India were undertaken. This included the pollen grains of Areca catechu , Casuarina equisetifolia , Elaeis guineensis , Heteropogon contortus (a grass), Oreodoxa regia , Peltophorum ferrugineum , Phoenix dactylifera , Spathodea campanulata and Swietenia mahagoni . Five hundred patients having respiratory complaints were selected for the study using these tropical pollen grains. Results were analysed in terms of age, sex, clinical history, family history and locality of the patients. The O. regia antigen registered the maximum significant positivity followed by H. contortus , C. equisetifolia and Peltophorum ferrugineum . Age and family history of the patient had no direct influence on positivity, but nature of the allergy, sex, phenological period and locality of the patient had a direct influence on hypersensitivity reactions. Similarly, a very high positive correlation between Skin Te

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103 (2)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.386 (3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/pelt_pte.cfm (4)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST434

(1)Ecology: "It frequently grows along the beaches andin mangrove forest. The species prefers open forest." (2)full sun (3)Does well in semi-shade, but can tolerate full sun if well-watered (4)Light requirement: full sun

4.1

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.386 (2)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1)" well-drained soils." (2) Soil texture medium, light, depth deep-medium

4.11

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.102

Description: A deciduous, usually medium-sized tree, up to 30m tall"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Fabaceae; tree

5.03

Athar, M.; Mahmood, A. (1985) ET: Qualitative study of the nodulating ability of legumes of Pakistan. List 3. Tropical Agriculture, UK, 1985, Vol.62, No.1, pp.49-51, 25 ref.

AB: Data are presented for 45 species (4 Mimosaceae, 8 Caesalpiniaceae, 33 Papilionaceae). Nodules were not found and could not be indicated in the Caesalpiniaceae examined.

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103

"Yellow flame can be propagated by seeds, grafting or cuttings."

6.03

no evidence [no research]

6.04

Bhat, N. S.; Arpita Roy; Prakash, N. A.; Jaganath Gowda (1996) ET: The role of insects in the pollination and seed set of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) (Fam: Leguminosae). Insect Environment, 1996, Vol.2, No.3, pp.100-101, 2 ref.

AB: "The dependence of Peltophorum pterocarpum on insect pollination for seed set was examined in 10 trees on the GKVK campus at Bangalore, Karnataka, in May 1996. Three panicles each on 10 flowering trees were tagged for observations on open and self pollination. For self pollination the panicles were bagged after treating with a 0.05% methomyl spray to prevent insect activity."; "The pod set in open pollinated flowers was 71.1%, and in selfed flowers 8.4%. Seed set was 78.6 from 52.4 flowers in the open pollinated flowers, and 6.8 seeds from 45.1 flowers following self pollination. " [very low rates of selfed seed set]

6.05

Bhat, N. S.; Arpita Roy; Prakash, N. A.; Jaganath Gowda (1996) ET: The role of insects in the pollination and seed set of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) (Fam: Leguminosae). Insect Environment, 1996, Vol.2, No.3, pp.100-101, 2 ref.

AB: The dependence of Peltophorum pterocarpum on insect pollination for seed set was examined in 10 trees on the GKVK campus at Bangalore, Karnataka, in May 1996. Three panicles each on 10 flowering trees were tagged for observations on open and self pollination. For self pollination the panicles were bagged after treating with a 0.05% methomyl spray to prevent insect activity. For each treatment, numbers of flowers, and pod and seed set were recorded. Also, pollinator visits were recorded for 5 min at 5 times from 08.30 to 16.30 h for 3 days on 5 panicles from 3 trees. Four pollinators were observed: Apis dorsata, A. cerana, Xylocopa sp. and an unidentified syrphid. Honey bee visits were most at 08.30 h (for pollen foraging) with other peaks at 1230 h (A. dorsata ) and 14.30 h (A. cerana ) - for nectar collection. Xylocarpa (carpenter bee) activity (nectar collection) increased through the day. The syrphid was observed from 10.30 h onwards - and was possibly involved in residual pollen collecting activity.T

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103

"Young trees raised from seed will flower in 4-years under good conditions."

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.102

"It is widely cultivated throughout its natural area of distribution, and also in Bismark Archepelago, India, tropical Africa, the West Indies, Central America, Florida and Hawaii."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(2) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.102

(2) " Fruit an elliptic to oblong-lanceolate pod, shortly stalked, acute at apex, more or less winged."

7.05

no evidence

7.06

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST434

does not attract wildlife

7.07

no evidence

7.08

8.01

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103

Fruit, 5-13.5x1.5-2.5 cm, 1-5 seeded. Seeds oblong, 10-12x5mm. [relatively large seed and low number of seeds per fruit]

8.02

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. p.103

"Untreated seeds need several months to germinate. Germination is hastened by filing or scarifying on end of the hard seed coat, softening the seed coat in diluted acid , or immersingthe seed in boiling ater for 2-hours."

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence