Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pachystachys lutea Nees (golden shrimp plant , yellow shrimp plant, golden candles, lollipop plant)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Country of Origin: West Indies, South America (2)Origin: El Salvador in Central America, to Peru

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500167.html (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Pachystachys_lutea.html

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6° C (20° F)
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F)
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F)
USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) ; it is more tender than the salmon and red shrimp plants (2)All specimens in native range < 1000 m (3)Prefers a moist soil and humid weather; keep mulched and water weekly during periods of drought.

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1870/ (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (3)http://www.orlandosentinel.com/shopping/homegarden/orl_shopping_maccubbin_profile_090900%2C0%2C3715148.htmlstory

2.04

No evidence

2.05

(1)Introduced to California, Texas and Florida (2) Thailand (3)India (4)Micronesia

(1)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/PACLUTA.PDF (2)www.calypsoislandtours.com/glossary.php (3)http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:iQz3Y5_N99MJ:www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/biodiversity/
documents/gadgil/mala.pdf+Pachystachys+lutea+fodder&hl=en&start=4&client=firefox-a (4)http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/1999/vhp/pachystachys_lutea.html

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

Not known to be invasive

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/PACLUTA.PDF

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/1999/vhp/pachystachys_lutea.html

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name=Pachystachys+lutea&submit=Submit+Query&search=all

4.04

No evidence

4.05

No evidence

4.06

This site lists the following fungi species to be associated with P. lutea. Alternaria sp.: FL - 1 , Cercospora justiciicola: FL - 1, Corynespora cassiicola: FL - 1, Pythium sp.: FL - 1 [No evidence that the above pathogens are recognized pests]

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Foliage: Evergreen

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1870/

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Light Shade (2)partial shade (3)This plant is suitable for growing indoors; grows under 90% shade cloth

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1870/ (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG03500.pdf (3)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1870/index.html

4.1

(1)Soil tolerance: acidic, slightly alkaline, sand, loam, clay. (2)Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates some salt

(1)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/PACLUTA.PDF (2)Horicopia Cd-ROM database.

4.11

No evidence

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

A shrub

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/PACLUTA.PDF

5.03

Acanthacaeae

5.04

Acanthacaeae

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)Seed: none observed at collection time (2)Propagate by cuttings (3)Propagation Methods: From softwood cuttings

(1)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/PACLUTA.PDF (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG03500.pdf (3)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1870/index.html

6.03

No evidence

6.04

Don’t know

6.05

(1) 'The bright yellow and white flower spikes of the Lollipop plant, Pachystachys lutea, are held upright like candles on a grand candelabra. The yellow part is a bract formed from modified leaves which serves to attract insect pollinators to the small white prawn-shaped flowers.'
(2) a picture shows hummingbird visit (3)Attracts hummingbirds

(1) http://www.at-bristol.org.uk/wildwalk/Babies_Summer02.htm
(2) http://www.lihummer.com/the1.htm (3)http://www.i-55.com/lan/misshome997.html

6.06

[fragmentation is not known naturally]

6.07

(1)Mature Height: 3 feet (2)offered as a disposable bedding plant. [implies flowering within a year, but no evidence that it produces seeds]

(1)http://www.robrick.com/plants/plant_information.asp?ref=126 (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1870/index.html

7.01

garden waste has strong potential to spread given easy vegatitve propagation [ see refs under6.02]

7.02

Ornamental plant

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/PACLUTA.PDF

7.03

no products

7.04

Small capsule, infrequently formed in cultivation [explosively deshiscent in Acanthaceae]

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber Press. Portland.

7.05

given shade tolerance and wet environments, expected to inhabit streamside understory

7.06

fruit is a capsule, explosive dehiscence

7.07

No means of attachment.

7.08

No evidence of fruits being ingested [fruit is a dry capsule]

http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/1999/vhp/pachystachys_lutea.html

8.01

Small capsule, infrequently formed in cultivation [explosively deshiscent in Acanthaceae]

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber Press. Portland.

8.02

Cultivated plants do not seem to produce seeds.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

"The plant should only be expected to successfully survive winter without damage in hardiness zones 10 and 11. In zone 9b, the tops will be killed in a severe freeze but regrowth should occur from the roots. Even where this perennial remains unscathed by winter frosts, it should be pruned back hard annually to overcome a tendency toward legginess." [ability to regrow from roots]

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

8.05

Don’t know