Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Oxera pulchella


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
  Oxera pulchella (Royal vine) Answer Score
1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
1.02 Has the species become naturalized where grown? n  
1.03 Does the species have weedy races? n  
2.01 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” 2  
2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high)                 see appendix 2 2  
2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n 0
2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y 1
2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?  y=-2 ?  
3.01 Naturalized beyond native range         y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 n -1
3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed                              y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.03 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed                         y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.04 Environmental weed                                                     y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.05 Congeneric weed                                                          y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0
4.02 Allelopathic n 0
4.03 Parasitic n 0
4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals    
4.05 Toxic to animals n 0
4.06 Host for recognized pests and pathogens n 0
4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0
4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems    
4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y 1
4.1 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y 1
4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit y 1
4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0
5.01 Aquatic n 0
5.02 Grass n 0
5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0
5.04 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) n 0
6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n 0
6.02 Produces viable seed. y 1
6.03 Hybridizes naturally y 1
6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic    
6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0
6.06 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation n -1
6.07 Minimum generative time (years)                 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 3 0
7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) n -1
7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1
7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1
7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1
7.05 Propagules water dispersed n -1
7.06 Propagules bird dispersed    
7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n -1
7.08 Propagules survive passage through the gut    
8.01 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) n -1
8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)    
8.03 Well controlled by herbicides    
8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire    
8.05 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)    
  Total score:   -1

Supporting data:

  Notes Reference
1.01 Rare plant - endemic to New Caledonia. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
1.02 No evidence  
1.03 No evidence  
2.01 Origin: New Caledonia (endemic) http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Oxera_pulchella
2.02    
2.03 (1)ALTITUDE: between 5 and 50 meters. (In New Caledonia) (2)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F)
USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F)
(1)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D2490&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN  (2) http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/116473/index.html
2.04 Origin: New Caledonia (endemic) http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Oxera_pulchella
2.05 Available to the public via purchase from local nursery. http://www.kartuz.com/
3.01 No evidence  
3.02 No evidence  
3.03 No evidence  
3.04 No evidence.   Also  - 'recommended for addtion to the permitted seed list' in Australia after passing the Weed Risk Assessment. http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:5lFxIxfR7s8J:
www.aph.gov.au/SENATE/committee/rrat_ctte/estimates/add_0405/
daff/ba_aqis.pdf+oxera+pulchella+weed&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3
3.05 No evidnce  
4.01 No evidence Menninger, E. A. Flowering Vines of the World. 1970. Hearthside Press Incorporated.
4.02 No evidence  
4.03 No evidence  
4.04 Don’t know.  
4.05 No evidence  
4.06 No evidence regarding associated pests or pathogens.  
4.07 No evidence  
4.08 Restricted to the sclerophyll forest of New Caledonia which is the vegetation type most at risk on this Island. [dont know - an evergreen vine with thick leathery leaves that inhabtis dry habitats].
4.09 (1)full sun  (2)Light shade.  (3)Sun to partial shade. [Seems it can tolerate some shade]. (1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Oxera_pulchella  (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Verbenaceae/Oxera_pulchella.html  (3)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/116473/index.html
4.1 (1)Soil pH requirements:
6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic)
6.6 to 7.5 (neutral)
(2) Species found both on calcareous and other substrate types but not on ultramafics in New Caledonia. [Answered yes because of its ability to grow on calcareous soils].
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/116473/
(2) Morat, P Jaffare T and Veillon J. 2001. The flora of New Caledonia's calcareous substrates. Adansonia 23(1): 109 -127.
4.11 (1)woody vine/climber.  (2)Photo of vine climbing a big tree. (3)It can climb 30 feet on tall trees along the ocean bluffs of its native island. (1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Oxera_pulchella  (2)http://www.huntingtonbotanical.org/WhatsInBloom/feb06/feb06-Pages/Image82.html (3)Menninger, E. A. Flowering Vines of the World. 1970. Hearthside Press Incorporated.
4.12 No evidence  
5.01    
5.02    
5.03    
5.04    
6.01 (1)Flowers several timea a year. (2)Flowering takes place in August and September and it is very abundant. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN (1) Menninger, E. A. Flowering Vines of the World. 1970. Hearthside Press Incorporated.
(2) http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
6.02 Easy germination. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
6.03  'Plants of O.pulchella which are already in cultivation should be properly indentified as to which subspecies they belong and maintained in case reintroduction of O.pulchella subsp. grandiflora into New Caledonia becomes necessary. One way to ensure the survival of O. pulchella subsp. grandiflora is to promote its use as a garden plant in New Caledonia itself, but effort will have to be made to prevent hybridization with the northern subspecies.' [This referene indicates hybridization at the sub-species level -- but answered yes because very likely that hybridization takes place at the speceis level].
http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:FG-eFVOjMS8J:www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/vitex/lamiales98.pdf+Oxera+pulchella&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=13"> +Oxera+pulchella&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=13
6.04 Don’t know.  
6.05 (1)Probably pollinated by birds - 'They do not have odor, but their nectar is very appreciated birds, like the méliphages, whose long nozzle makes it possible to go at the bottom of the flower.'  (2)photo of flowers (1)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://
www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php%3Fcode%3D628&prev=/
search%3Fq%3DOxera%2Bpulchella%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN (2)http://www.huntingtonbotanical.org/WhatsInBloom/feb06/feb06-Pages/Image83.html
6.06 No evidence of spread by vegetative means.  
6.07 A woody climber cultivated for ornamental flowers - likely to be 2 to 3 years.  
7.01 No evidence that the species is grown in heavily trafficked areas.  
7.02 (1)An ornamental climber.  (2)Available for sale online from a nursery in France. (3)Sold in nursery in California (4)The next new thing in vines comes to us from half a world away. But you can check out Oxera pulchella, a native to New Caledonia, by making a quick trip to a nursery in Orange. (1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Oxera_pulchella  (2)http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue29.html  (3)http://www.kartuz.com/  (4)http://www.ocregister.com/ocr/2005/01/08/sections/
home_garden/hg_garden/article_368775.php
7.03 Probably not - no evidence that the speceis grows near field of produce crops.  
7.04 Fleshy fruits. [Probably not]. de Kok and Marberley, D.J. 1999. Kew Bulletin. 54(2): 265-300
7.05 Probably not  - Occrus in dry forests - No evidence that the species grows near waterways.  
7.06 (1) 'The vine blooms several times a year, with about 40 flowers 2 inches long in 2 or 3 forked clusters. The stems are corky and the fruits are fleshy. '  (2) 'Fruit compund, mericarps 1-4, exocarp fleshy, rather thin endocarp stony, smooth or with prominant to fraint ridges. Seed 1 per mericapr. [Fleshy fruits, so likel to be bird dispersed but no evidence of size of furit]. (1)Menninger, E. A. Flowering Vines of the World. 1970. Hearthside Press Incorporated.  (2)de Kok and Marberley, D.J. 1999. Kew Bulletin. 54(2): 265-300
7.07 No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. (1)Menninger, E. A. Flowering Vines of the World. 1970. Hearthside Press Incorporated.  (2)de Kok and Marberley, D.J. 1999. Kew Bulletin. 54(2): 265-300
7.08 No evidence of ingestion.  
8.01 (1) 'The vine blooms several times a year, with about 40 flowers 2 inches long in 2 or 3 forked clusters. The stems are corky and the fruits are fleshy. '  (2) 'Fruit compund, mericarps 1-4, exocarp fleshy, rather thin endocarp stony, smooth or with prominant to fraint ridges. Seed 1 per mericapr. [Approximate seeds at a give floweeing episode:  40 flowers = 40 fruits = 160 seeds (4 per mericarp) x 4 times a year = 640 seeds]. (1)Menninger, E. A. Flowering Vines of the World. 1970. Hearthside Press Incorporated.  (2)de Kok and Marberley, D.J. 1999. Kew Bulletin. 54(2): 265-300
8.02 No evidence regarding seed longevity.  
8.03 No evidence that the specis is being controlled for.  
8.04 Don’t know.  
8.05 Don’t know.  

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This page was created on 23 December 2006 by JS, and was last updated on 29 August 2017 by PT.