Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ophiopogon japonicus (Mondo grass, dwarf lily turf)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

Naturalized in Philippine. 'Chiefly in the mossy forest, altitude 850 to 2400 m'.

Merrill, E.D. 1925. An enumeration of Phillipine flowering plants. Manila Bureau of priniting.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

Native to Japan and Korea.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

2.02

No information

2.03

1)Hardiness range 7A to 11but 2)requires moist area 3)USDA zone 6-9

1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. 2)http://www.maasnursery.com/groundcovers6.htm 3)http://www.coastalgardensnursery.com/grasses.htm

2.04

Native to Japan and Korea.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

2.05

Widely cultivated ornamental. Introduced to the (1)United States and (2)Philippines

(1)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM Database. (2)Merrill, E.D. 1925. An enumeration of Phillipine flowering plants. Manila Bureau of priniting.

3.01

Naturalized in Philippine. 'Chiefly in the mossy forest, altitude 850 to 2400 m'.

Merrill, E.D. 1925. An enumeration of Phillipine flowering plants. Manila Bureau of priniting.

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence.

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence.

4.06

This site lists 20 fungal species to be associated with O. japonicus.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

Unlikely -- low growing evergreen

4.09

(1)Full shade to partial shade. (2)Under trees or shrubs it makes an excellent shade-tolerant lawn that never needs mowing. 3)do best in part shade to shade in southern gardens and want a consistently moist soil.

(1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. (2)http://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheets/HGIC1110.htm 3)http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/222/6610

4.1

1)Clay, sandy, loam, slightly alkaline, neutral, acidic. 2)Prefers a sandy soil. Succeeds in any moderately fertile well-drained soil and also as a submerged aquatic plant, though it does not flower in such a situation 3) likes fertile well drained soil but adapts well

1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. 2)http://gardenbed.com/o/4924.cfm 3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/o/ophi_jap.cfm

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

(1)Grass like plant belonging to Liliaceae with tuberous root form. (2)Plants with long underground stolons, roots tuberous

(1)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM Database. (2)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500388.html

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Seed is best sown as soon as it's ripe

http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/222/6610

6.03

No information.

6.04

No information regarding reproductive biology.

6.05

No information regarding reproductive biology, flowers inconspiscous.

6.06

1)Offsets or divisions. Very easy to propagate. Probably propagates by vegetative means in the wild too - did not come across any propagation methods by seed. 2)spreads by underground runners

1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/o/ophi_jap.cfm 2)http://www.maasnursery.com/groundcovers6.htm

6.07

R. Criley, UH dept of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

Propagules do not have any means of attaching themselves.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

7.02

yes since it is an ornamental plant.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM Database.

7.03

7.04

No information regarding dispersal.

7.05

No information regarding dispersal.

7.06

fruit blue, pea-sized

Mabberley. The Plant Book, Cambridge University press

7.07

Propagules do not have any means of attaching themselves.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

7.08

bird-dipersed

8.01

No information of seed size and number.

8.02

Seed is best sown as soon as it's ripe (probably no persistent seed bank)

http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/222/6610

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

No evidence.

8.05

Don’t know.