Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 5
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Noronhia emarginata (Madagascar olive) Synonym: Olea emarginata, Noronhia binia, |
Answer |
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
y |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
|
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
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|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
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Total score: |
5 |
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Supporting data:
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Source |
Notes |
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1.01 |
No evidence |
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1.02 |
(1) 'Previously not known to be naturalized in Hawai'i, on Maui naturalized populations have been observed inat least Makamakaole, Honomanu, Huelo, and Haiku. These collections represent new state records forHawai'I.' (2) 'On the nothe shore of Kauai Noronhia has naturalized extensively from Kalihiwai and Anini northwest to Manoa Stream. It can form rather dense stands and seems to reseed freely in the shade of those stands.' |
(1)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:EJ3K-Az-JBgJ: |
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1.03 |
No evidence |
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2.01 |
(1)Distribution: Madagascar (40) and the Comores (1) (2) Native to Madagascar. |
(1)http://www.systbot.gu.se/staff/evawal/oleaceae/noronhia.html
(2)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:EJ3K-Az-JBgJ:www.hear.org/starr/publications/new_plant_records_2002.pdf+ |
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2.02 |
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2.03 |
(1)Hardiness Range: 10B - 11 (2) 'A very tough tree well-suited for coastal andseaside locations,… and a high tolerance for salt and wind.' (3)Most specimens < 1000 m elevation |
(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc2890.htm
(2)http://216.239.57.104 |
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2.04 |
(1)Distribution: Madagascar (40) and the Comores (1) (2) Native to Madagascar. |
(1)http://www.systbot.gu.se/staff/evawal/oleaceae/noronhia.html
(2)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:EJ3K-Az-JBgJ:www.hear.org/starr/publications/new_plant_records_2002.pdf+ |
|
2.05 |
(1)Introduced to Hawaii. (2) Introduced to Bermuda (3)Introduced to Florida |
(1)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:EJ3K-Az-JBgJ:www.hear.org |
|
3.01 |
(1) 'Previously not known to be naturalized in Hawai'i, on Maui naturalized populations have been observed inat least Makamakaole, Honomanu, Huelo, and Haiku. These collections represent new state records forHawai'I.' (2) 'On the nothe shore of Kauai Noronhia has naturalized extensively from Kalihiwai and Anini northwest to Manoa Stream. It can form rather dense stands and seems to reseed freely in the shade of those stands.' |
(1)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:EJ3K-Az-JBgJ:www.hear.org |
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
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|
3.04 |
(1) Invasive potential: little, if any, potential at this time (2) A small, attractive evergreen tree widely planted, but highly aggressive and invasive. [no details available] |
(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
3.05 |
No evidence |
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|
4.01 |
No thorns |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
4.02 |
No evidence |
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4.03 |
No evidence |
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|
4.04 |
No evidence |
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4.05 |
No evidence |
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|
4.06 |
The following fungi were listed to be associated with
Noronhia emarginata Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: FL - 1 [generalist] |
http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm |
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4.07 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.08 |
Probably not - thick fleshy leaves, evergreen. (2) Low flammability. |
http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
4.09 |
(1)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun; (2)Light requirement: tree grows in part shade/part sun;tree grows in full sun (3)It can form rather dense stands and seems to reseed freely in the shade of those stands |
(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc2890.htm
(2)http://216.239.57.104/ |
|
4.1 |
Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic; alkaline;well-drained … Madagascar Olive is quite adaptable to a wide range of soils. |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
4.11 |
A tree - not climbing. |
http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
4.12 |
'On the nothe shore of Kauai Noronhia has naturalized extensively from Kalihiwai and Anini northwest to Manoa Stream. It can form rather dense stands and seems to reseed freely in the shade of those stands.' |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:vbqfcPoKe9oJ:hbs.bishopmuseum.org |
|
5.01 |
Terrestrial |
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|
5.02 |
A tree in Oleaceae. |
http://www.hortpix.com/pc2890.htm |
|
5.03 |
Oleaceae |
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5.04 |
No evidence |
|
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6.01 |
No evidence |
|
|
6.02 |
'On the nothe shore of Kauai Noronhia has naturalized extensively from Kalihiwai and Anini northwest to Manoa Stream. It can form rather dense stands and seems to reseed freely in the shade of those stands.' |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:vbqfcPoKe9oJ:hbs.bishopmuseum.org |
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6.03 |
No evidence |
|
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6.04 |
||
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6.05 |
"fragrant, small yellow blooms" [small fragrance flowers of Oleaceae, no indication of specialized pollination syndrome] |
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/noremaa.pdf |
|
6.06 |
Propagation is by cuttings or seed. [No evidene of vegetative spread in the wild.] |
http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu/tree |
|
6.07 |
Don’t know |
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|
7.01 |
Probably not - relatively large fruit and seed. (1)Fruit shape: roundFruit length: .5 to 1 inch Fruit covering: fleshy Fruit color: green; purple; yellow Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; suitedfor human consumption; no significant litter problem;s |
(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
7.02 |
Ornamental tree - attractive foliage and fruits. (2)Used for urban landscaping. |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
7.03 |
no evidence that the seeds have any means of attachment. |
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|
7.04 |
no evidence that the seeds have adaptation for wind dispersal. |
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|
7.05 |
[No evidence of aquatic seed dispersal, but established along Manoa stream, suggesting possibility that fruits float] |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:vbqfcPoKe9oJ:hbs.bishopmuseum.org |
|
7.06 |
" one-inch-diameter, bright yellow fruits, turning to dark purple, with a sweet, edible, cream-colored flesh" [probably yes, fleshy fruit which turn purple when ripe] |
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/noremaa.pdf |
|
7.07 |
no evidence that the seeds have any means of attachment. |
|
|
7.08 |
assuming bird-dispersed |
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|
8.01 |
Probably not - relatively large seed. (1)Fruit shape: roundFruit length: .5 to 1 inch Fruit covering: fleshy Fruit color: green; purple; yellow Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; suitedfor human consumption; no significant litter problem;showy (2)Fruits globose or pointed, stoney drupes; seed large, the raphae ramified and conspicuous against the integument, the endosperm wanting, the cotyledons plano-convex, thick, the radicle superior, conical, short and thick. |
(1http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
|
8.02 |
No evidence regarding seed bank. |
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8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
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8.04 |
'Pruning requirement: requires pruning to developstrong structureBreakage: resistant' |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:mlOxSJ9GMdEJ:hort.ifas.ufl.edu |
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8.05 |
Don’t know |
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This page updated 6 March 2005