Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Nicotiana glauca


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 15


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Nicotiana glauca Graham Family - Solanaceae. Common Names(s) - tree tobacco, wild tobacco, wildetabak. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

15

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25270 [Accessed 2009 Feb 4].

2.02

(1) Native to Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25270 [Accessed 2009 Feb 4].

2.03

(1) Grows 0-1,100 meters. (2) Occurs 0-1500 meters.

(1) http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5860 [Accessed 2009 Feb 6]. (2) http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/plant_profiles/Nicotiana_glauca.php [Accessed 2009 Feb 6].

2.04

(1) Native to Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25270 [Accessed 2009 Feb 4].

2.05

(1) Naturalized in Europe, tropical & s. Africa, temperate Asia, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Mexico, & Macaronesia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25270 [Accessed 2009 Feb 4].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in Europe, tropical & s. Africa, temperate Asia, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Mexico, & Macaronesia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25270 [Accessed 2009 Feb 4].

3.02

(1) In California N. glaucais found in disturbed areas, along roadsides, urban areas, grasslands and coastal shrub.

(1) Schueller, S. K. (2004). "Self-pollination in island and mainland populations of the introduced hummingbird-pollinated plant, Nicotiana glauca (Solanaceae)." Am. J. Bot. 91(5): 672-681.

3.03

Don't know

3.04

Don't know

3.05

Don't know

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.02

Don't know

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.04

(1) Unpalatable to grazing animals.

(1) Florentine, S. K., M. E. Westbrooke, et al. (2006). "The arid land invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought." Journal of Arid Environments 66(2): 218-230.

4.05

(1) Highly toxic to animals. (2) Study discusses the toxicosis of a herd of cattle from N. glauca.

(1) Florentine, S. K., M. E. Westbrooke, et al. (2006). "The arid land invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought." Journal of Arid Environments 66(2): 218-230 (2) .Plumlee, K., D. Holstege, et al. (1993). "Nicotiana glauca toxicosis of cattle." J Vet Diagn Invest 5(3): 498-499.

4.06

(1) N. glauca is a host of Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) in California.

(1) www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRAdocs_virus/draftds/05-11629%20DS%20TICV00.doc [Accessed 2009 Feb. 6].

4.07

(1) Highly toxic to humans.

(1) Florentine, S. K., M. E. Westbrooke, et al. (2006). "The arid land invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought." Journal of Arid Environments 66(2): 218-230.

4.08

Don't know

4.09

(1) Requires full sun.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/sitewidesearch.php?q=nicotiana+glauca [Accessed 2009 Feb. 6].

4.10

(1) Soil pH requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic), 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral), 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline).

 

4.11

(1) N. glauca individuals are tall shrubs 1-4 m in height.

(1) Nattero, J. and A. A. Cocucci (2007). Geographical variation in floral traits of the tree tobacco in relation to its hummingbird pollinator fauna. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Blackwell Publishing Limited. 90: 657-667.

4.12

Don’t know.

5.01

(1) N. glauca individuals are tall shrubs 1-4 m in height.

(1) Nattero, J. and A. A. Cocucci (2007). Geographical variation in floral traits of the tree tobacco in relation to its hummingbird pollinator fauna. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Blackwell Publishing Limited. 90: 657-667.

5.02

(1) Solanaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25270 [Accessed 2009 Feb 4].

5.03

(1) Solanaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?25270 [Accessed 2009 Feb 4].

5.04

(1) N. glauca individuals are tall shrubs 1-4 m in height.

(1) Nattero, J. and A. A. Cocucci (2007). Geographical variation in floral traits of the tree tobacco in relation to its hummingbird pollinator fauna. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Blackwell Publishing Limited. 90: 657-667.

6.01

No evidence.

 

6.02

(1) Propagated by seeds.

(1) http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week085.shtml [Accessed 2009 Feb 6].

6.03

Don't know

6.04

(1) Plants are self-fertile.

(1) Nattero, J. and A. A. Cocucci (2007). Geographical variation in floral traits of the tree tobacco in relation to its hummingbird pollinator fauna. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Blackwell Publishing Limited. 90: 657-667.

6.05

(1) Pollinated by hummingbirds in South America. However, in South Africa, Malachite sunbirds (Nectarinia famosa) have adapted to feed on the flowers and transfer pollen between plants.(2) The pollinators of N. glauca are always birds, namely Trochillidae in America, Nectarinidae in Africa and Meliphagidae in Australia.

 

6.06

(1) Propagated by seeds.

(1) http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week085.shtml [Accessed 2009 Feb 6].

6.07

(1) Fast growing shrub, flowering commences approximately 1 year after germination.

(1) Florentine, S. K., M. E. Westbrooke, et al. (2006). "The arid land invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought." Journal of Arid Environments 66(2): 218-230.

7.01

Don't know.

7.02

(1) Commonly grown as an ornamental for its flowers.

(1) http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/tree_tobacco.htm [Accessed 2009 Feb 6].

7.03

Not likely to be a produce contaminant.

7.04

(1) No adaptation for wind dispersal "Capsules ovoid-ellipsoid to nearly subglobose, equaling or shorter than calyx, 7-13 mm long.  Seeds numerous, reniform to oblong-reniform, 0.5-0.9 mm long, testa honeycombed or with wrinkles."

(1) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

7.05

(1) Seeds are dispersed in flood water.

(1) Florentine, S. K., M. E. Westbrooke, et al. (2006). "The arid land invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought." Journal of Arid Environments 66(2): 218-230.

7.06

Don't know

7.07

(1) Vertebrate dispersed

(1) Jurado, E., E. Estrada, et al. (2001). "Characterizing plant attributes with particular emphasis on seeds in Tamaulipan thornscrub in semi-arid Mexico." Journal of Arid Environments 48(3): 309-321.

7.08

Don't know

8.01

(1) A fully grown plant can produce 10,000-1,000,000 seeds.

(1) Florentine, S. K., M. E. Westbrooke, et al. (2006). "The arid land invasive weed Nicotiana glauca R. Graham (Solanaceae): Population and soil seed bank dynamics, seed germination patterns and seedling response to flood and drought." Journal of Arid Environments 66(2): 218-230.

8.02

Don't know

8.03

Don't know.

8.04

Don't know.

8.05

Don't know.


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