Mussaenda 'Dona Aurora' Family - Rubiaceae. Common Names(s) - Mussaenda 'Dona Aurora'.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

?

-1

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-9

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high (2)"In the early 1900s, a mutant form of M. philippica…was found at the base of Mt. Tuntungin. This mutant, later to be called Dona Aurora, exhibited five extended white sepals instead of the single, extended sepal displayed by M. philippica. Dona Aurora was hybridized to M. erythrophylla, an African Mussaenda species which exhibits a single red sepal. The resulting progeny were self-pollinated and backcrossed to both parents (Rosario 1984). The progeny of these crosses later became the cultivars used today."

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI. (2)Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1997. High-tech and micropropagation VI, Volume 6. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.02

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range: 9B - 11 (2)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F)
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F)
USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) (2)"Mussaenda philippica is common in old secondary forest and thickets, up to 700 m altitude."

(1)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/37917/ (2)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.. [Internet] Record number 2795 from TEXTFILE On-line. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 06 May 2004.

2.04

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.05

(1)A cultivar mentioned in several ornamental plant books, but unknown how widely planted

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

3.01

(1)No evidence of naturalization

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.05

(1)Mussaenda cambodiana, Mussaenda flava, Mussaenda frondosa all listed as weeds, but no evidence or description of impacts found in literature.

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

4.01

(1)No evidence of such structures.

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.04

(1)Unknown

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.05

(1)No evidence of toxicity in genus

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.06

(1)The following fungi were listed to be associated with M. philippica:
Auricularia cornea: Philippines - (wood-rotting fungus)
Hirneola cornea: Philippines - (no known economic importance)
Meliola anceps: India - (no known economic importance)
Meliola mussaendae: Philippines - (no known economic importance)
Placothea philippinensis: Philippines - (no known economic importance)
Polyporus grammocephalus: Philippines - (wood-rotting fungus)
Spegazzinia meliolae: Philippines - (no known economic importance) (2) Cercospora philippinensis on foliage of Mussaenda philippica (no known economic importance) [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Aurora' is derived]

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)Propagation of Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. from semi-hardwood cuttings with the aid of growth regulators. Nath, J. C. / Horticultural Journal, 1992, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 55-

4.07

(1)No evidence of toxicity in genus

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.08

(1)probably not - Mussaendas in general require high humidity. (2)The mussaenda is an evergreen shrub

(1)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2047&urlSQL=+where+
EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27M%25%27+&TotalOffset=189&TotalNum=203 (2)http://mgonline.com/mussaenda.html

4.09

(1)Needs full sun

(1)Engel, D.H./Phummai, S. 2002. A field guide to tropical plants of Asia. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

4.10

(1)decent soil but sandy is fine (2)They need a compost-enriched soil

(1)http://mgonline.com/mussaenda.html (2)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/magazine/your_climate/your_climate5

4.11

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.12

(1)"Mussaenda philippica is common in old secondary forest and thickets, up to 700 m altitude." [but no evidence that 'Dona Aurora' forms dense thickets]

(1)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.. [Internet] Record number 2795 from TEXTFILE On-line. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 06 May 2004.

5.01

(1)Rubiaceae [terrestrial]

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

5.02

(1)Rubiaceae

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

5.03

(1)Rubiaceae

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

5.04

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

6.01

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

6.02

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

6.03

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa. [ability to hybridize naturally unknown]

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

6.04

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

6.05

(1)Fragrant yellow flowers and long lasting bracts [pink/white with yellow center; appears to be insect syndrome but long corolla tube] (2)adapted for pollination by Lepidoptera or bees [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Aurora' is derived]

(1)http://www.tfts.org/plant_sale_may_2000.htm (2)http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RU/RUBIACEAE.htm

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

6.07

(1)Plants flower within 2 years [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Aurora' is derived]

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

7.01

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

7.02

(1)A cultivar from the Philippines, this shrub grows to 15' high [ornamental uses]

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.03

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

7.04

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

7.05

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

7.06

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

7.07

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

7.08

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

8.01

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

8.02

(1)Although it does not produce seed, the pollen is fertile and this cv has been used in the breeding of a number of outstanding cultivars in crosses with M. erythrophylla and M. frondosa.

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf

8.03

(1)Unknown. No evidence that the species is being controlled.

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

8.04

(1)Mussaendas can stand heavy pruning and if it becomes necessary, it should be done during spring. (2)Most winters the plants are damaged by frosts and freezing weather but grow back from buds near the ground if protected by a mulch [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Aurora' is derived]

(1)McLaughlin, J./Garofalo, J. 2004. Mussaendas for South Florida Landscapes. Fact-sheet No. 82. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Miami, FL. http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/ornamental/ornamental_publications/Mussaendas_for_SFLandscapes.pdf (2)http://www.betterlawns.com/betterlawns/FAQ/faq1.htm

8.05

Unknown

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.