Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Mansoa hymenaea (DC.) A. H. Gentry; membranous garlic vine; Pseudocalymma alliacea, Pachyptera alliacea [versus to garlic vine (M. alliaceum) based on GRIN online database]

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1) naturalized elsewhere [vague] (2)Occasionally cultivated and escaped in Puerto Rico [other than reference to occasional escape in Puerto Rico, could find no evidence to indicate naturalization elsewhere]

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Mansoa+hymenaea (08 July 2004) (2)Liogier, H.A. and Martorell, L.F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Native:
NORTHERN AMERICA
Northern Mexico: Mexico - San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas
Central Mexico: Mexico - Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz
SOUTHERN AMERICA
Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Campeche, Chiapas, Yucatan; Nicaragua; Panama
Caribbean: Grenada; Puerto Rico; St. Lucia
Northern South America: French Guiana; Suriname; Venezuela
Brazil: Brazil
Western South America: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Other: naturalized elsewhere

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Mansoa+hymenaea (08 July 2004)

2.02

2.03

(1) specimens collected from sea level to 1200 m in altitude.
(2) "needs high temperatures of 20c/68f all year round to grow and flower like it does in the tropics. " (3)Natural habitat:Old alluvial flood-plain ("Bajio"). Clay soil. Well lit. Primary, non-flooded, Subtropical Moist Forest. Old alluvial flood-plain ("Bajio"). Clay soil. Well lit. (4) Secondary forest, clay soil. (5)Brown clay soil, seasonally waterlogged. Next to trail. Primary, non-flooded, Subtropical Moist Forest. Brown clay soil, seasonally waterlogged. Next to trail. (6)It lives in foothill of height between 1800 to 3500 meters over the level of the sea, far of water¥s bodies, new farm, shadowed or bit shadowed areas, it is not resistant to flood. It shares its habitat with species like aguaje, cotton, chuchuhuasi, lemon, pijuayo, cat¥s claw, uvilla, yarina, zapote, etc.

(1) http://www.inbio.ac.cr/bims/k03/p13/c045/o0140/f01351/g007243/s021097.htm
(2) http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue27.html (3)http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwcatalog.detail_list?this_id=2266613 (4)http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwcatalog.detail_list?this_id=2266640 (5)http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwcatalog.detail_list?this_id=2266595 (6)http://www.rainlabs.com/docs/AJOSACHAINGLES.doc

2.04

Native:
NORTHERN AMERICA
Northern Mexico: Mexico - San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas
Central Mexico: Mexico - Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz
SOUTHERN AMERICA
Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Campeche, Chiapas, Yucatan; Nicaragua; Panama
Caribbean: Grenada; Puerto Rico; St. Lucia
Northern South America: French Guiana; Suriname; Venezuela
Brazil: Brazil
Western South America: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Other: naturalized elsewhere

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Mansoa+hymenaea (08 July 2004)

2.05

"cultivated in the tropics for its mauve flower and as a novelty because of the galic-like odor of its leaves "

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.313

3.01

(1) naturalized elsewhere [vague] (2)Occasionally cultivated and escaped in Puerto Rico [other than reference to occasional escape in Puerto Rico, could find no evidence to indicate naturalization elsewhere]

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Mansoa+hymenaea (08 July 2004) (2)Liogier, H.A. and Martorell, L.F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.313

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

This vine has a strong garlic odor, and is even used as substitute for garlic in food. The entire plant - roots, vine and leaves, is useful. It is used to reduce fevers, treat colds, throat, and respiratory ailments.

http://www.toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=mansoa_alliacea

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)Full sun is vital for flower initiation (2)Well lit. (3)Full sun is needed.

(1)http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue27.html (2)http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwcatalog.detail_list?this_id=2266613 (3)http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Pseudocalymma.htm

4.1

(1)good fertile moist soil. (2)Clay soil.

(1)http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue27.html (2)http://scisun.nybg.org:8890/searchdb/owa/wwwcatalog.detail_list?this_id=2266613

4.11

"liana, high climbing"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.313

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

woody vine, Bignoniaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

woody vine

6.01

no evidence

6.02

"Propagate by seeds or cuttings"

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.313

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Abstract: "Flowers of the woody vine Pachyptera hymenaea change from dark lavender to light lavender or white in three days while retained on plants. By the time flowers are three days old, they do not contain pollen or nectar, but may attract pollinators to the plants. Thrips and weevils preyed upon reproductive parts of P. hymenaea. Ants and bees foraged upon its nectar, and bees collected its pollen."

Barrows, E. M. 1977a. Floral maturation and insect visitors of Pachyptera hymenaea (Bignoniaceae). Biotropica 9: 133–134.

6.06

the roots run underground to over 50 square metres (or more) and shoots will prop up occasionally [some evidence of root suckering but don't know if fragmentation is a natural means of spread]

http://www.grapheus.com/Plants/Plants-Pseudocalymma.htm

6.07

woody vine

7.01

no evidence

7.02

"cultivated in the tropics for its mauve flower and as a novelty because of the galic-like odor of its leaves

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.313

7.03

no evidence

7.04

dispersal syndrome: wind

http://ajbsupp.botany.org/v88/ibarra-manriquez.html

7.05

dispersal syndrome: wind

http://ajbsupp.botany.org/v88/ibarra-manriquez.html

7.06

dispersal syndrome: wind

http://ajbsupp.botany.org/v88/ibarra-manriquez.html

7.07

dispersal syndrome: wind

http://ajbsupp.botany.org/v88/ibarra-manriquez.html

7.08

dispersal syndrome: wind

http://ajbsupp.botany.org/v88/ibarra-manriquez.html

8.01

(1) "Fruit a long, narrow, flattened capsule 12-25 cm long, filled with flattened, winded seeds. " (2) seed size: 0.001-0.01 gram [Probably yes, small seeds]

(1) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.313 (2) http://ajbsupp.botany.org/v88/ibarra-manriquez.html

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

"resents root disturbance"

http://www.plantsman.com/catalogue/catalogue27.html

8.05

no evidence