Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Liriope muscari (lilyturf, border grass)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4.5

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Naturalizing in the U.S.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native to Japan and China. (2)Range: China, Taiwan, Japan (3)Giant liriope grows in all areas of Australia except for the tropics.

(1)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/codea/L100.shtml (3)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/facts/2001/garden/fruitfolmo_22.html

2.02

Range mostly temperate

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range 6A to 10A (2)survive in a wide range of environmental conditions.

(1)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.ag.fvsu.edu/html/publications/teletips/lawn%20and%20garden/shrubs%20and%20vines/734.htm

2.04

(1)Native to Japan and China. (2)Range: China, Taiwan, Japan [temperate regions]

(1)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/codea/L100.shtml

2.05

(1)Southern USA, Texas (2)California (3)Hawaii (4)UK

(1)www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/.../Liriope.asp (2)www.clivia.com/L.htm (3)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/tpss/digest/lfon/lfon6.html (4)http://www.roughamhallnurseries.co.uk/Linaria.htm

3.01

Naturalizing in the U.S.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

medium preference for deer

http://www.lotf.com/misc/deer/deer.htm

4.05

Toxicity: None

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

4.06

(1)This site lists 10 fungi to be associated with L. muscari. Did not find any of these to be recognized pests. (2)Phytophthora spp., Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr and Rhizoctonia solani

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/pathology/pathcirc/ppcirc.392.pdf

4.07

This plant is considered mostly allergy free and causes little or no allergy problems in most people.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

4.08

evergreen herb

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4H005

4.09

It will grow well underneath trees or around shrubs. … Liriope will grow in a sunny location, but prefers one that has partial shade or full shade.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

4.1

Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, alkaline, tolerates salt, drought tolerant

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

4.11

Not a vine.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

Lilyturf is a 6- to 12-inch-tall herbaceous perennial that is useful in the landscape as a ground cover and accent plant. This plant spreads slowly by rhizomes and forms thick tubers that look like small potatoes.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Seeds can take months to germinate.

http://hortiplex.gardenweb.com/plants/jour/p/29/gw1023629/page.html

6.03

No information

6.04

No information

6.05

flowers visited by insects

http://www.io.com/~pdhulce/Plantlist.HTML

6.06

Propagation: division; seeds;

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

6.07

No information

7.01

Probably not - the propagules do not have any means of attachment.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

7.02

Probably yes - it is valued as an ornamental plant.

Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

7.03

no products

7.04

Fruits are black, berry-like, small fleshy capsules

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4H005

7.05

Fruits are black, berry-like, small fleshy capsules

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4H005

7.06

Fruits are black, berry-like, small fleshy capsules

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4H005

7.07

no means of attachment

7.08

Fruits are black, berry-like, small fleshy capsules

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4H005

8.01

Ovary 3 locular, or 4 locular, Ovules 2-4 per locule [up to 16 seeds per berry, borderline]

http://www.anbg.gov.au/angio/convalla.htm

8.02

germinate immediately at 70oF

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG108

8.03

(1)Only minor injury from RoundUP (2)sulfentrazone was particularly damaging to the herbaceous species, L. muscari (3)The majority of tested herbicides caused no injury or suppression of root or shoot development. Surflan (oryzalin, 3.4 kg a.i./ha) and a Surflan + Gallery (oryzalin + isoxaben, 3.4 + 1.1 g a.i./ha) combination inhibited root and shoot growth. Predict (norflurazon, 3.4 kg a.i./ha) caused foliar injury characterized by bleached bands or spots on both old and new foliage.

(1)Altland, J. E.; Gilliam, C. H.; Olive, J. W. 2002. Postemergence prostrate spurge (Chamaesyce prostrata ) control in container-grown liriope. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20: 41-46. (2) Collins, K. B.; McNiel, R. E.; Weston, L. A. 2001 Evaluation of sulfentrazone for weed control and phytotoxicity in field-grown landscape plants. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 19: 189-194 (3) Hayes, C. K.; Gilliam, C. H.; Olive, J. W.; Keever, G. J.; Eakes, D. J. 1999 Pre-emergence applied herbicides for container-grown liriope after division. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17:31-35.

8.04

Benefits from trimming back in February before thee new grouth appears.

Benefits from trimming back in February before thee new grouth appears.

8.05

Don't know.