Leucaena leucocephala var. 'Tarramba' Family - Fabaceae.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

0

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

10

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Leucana leucocephala "Taramba" is a new cultivar of Leucana leucocephala.

(1) Shelton M. 2000. Leucana management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Leucaena leucocephala 'Tarramba' was bred by the University of Hawaii from seed collected at 1,675 m altitude in Mexico.

(1) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

2.02

(1) Leucaena leucocephala 'Tarramba' was bred by the University of Hawaii from seed collected at 1,675 m altitude in Mexico.

(1) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

2.03

(1) Leucaena leucocephala 'Tarramba' was bred by the University of Hawaii from seed collected at 1,675 m altitude in Mexico. 'Tarramba' has increased tolerance to cooler temperatures.

(1) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

2.04

(1) Leucaena leucocephala 'Tarramba' was bred by the University of Hawaii from seed collected at 1,675 m altitude in Mexico. 'Tarramba' has increased tolerance to cooler temperatures.

(1) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

2.05

(1) There was recognition of the superior value of the introduced cultivar Tarramba, leading to strong unmet demand for seed. Both BPTP and Dinas Perternakan have established seed orchards of this cultivar and are distributing seed in West Timor and York. (2) The cultivar Tarramba has recently ( around 1996) been released in Australia, and the seeds are available commercially.

(1) Shelton M. 2000. Leucaena management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004 (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BOIQmQ1FnDUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA401&dq=Leucaena+leucocephala
+%22Tarramba%22&ots=4QGUwAbUmj&sig=MQoPeudj5TPQgeVg2UrUNrmjCrE [Cited 2009 July 3].

3.01

No evidence.

3.02

Unknown (1)' It is important to note that most records of weediness of Leucaena leucocephala are likely to be for Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala, which is widespread and known as a weed in over 25 countries across all continents, except Antarctica To date, Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata has not been recorded as weedy; however, it must be noted that many people cannot tell the two subspecies apart. Most records of weediness are listed at the species (not subspecies) level, and it is also likely that the two subspecies now occur in the same places across the globe. Shelton (1996) states that Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata variety Tarramba has less weed potential than subspecies leucocephala, as it is less precocious, is highly palatable to stock and does not set significant seed until the second year. Hughes and Jones (1998) suggest that these differences will not reduce the weed potential of this subspecies, especially in the long term. They suggest that the lack of international weed records may be a product of the short history of use of this subspecies—3 decades, compared to over 150 years of Leucaena leucocephala ssp.leucocephala worldwide."
(2) Because of weediness issues in the Leucaena,the low-seeding variety Tarramba is suggested for sensitive areas.

(2) http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Pasture/838.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

3.03

Unknown (1)' It is important to note that most records of weediness of Leucaena leucocephala are likely to be for Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala, which is widespread and known as a weed in over 25 countries across all continents, except Antarctica To date, Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata has not been recorded as weedy; however, it must be noted that many people cannot tell the two subspecies apart. Most records of weediness are listed at the species (not subspecies) level, and it is also likely that the two subspecies now occur in the same places across the globe. Shelton (1996) states that Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata variety Tarramba has less weed potential than subspecies leucocephala, as it is less precocious, is highly palatable to stock and does not set significant seed until the second year. Hughes and Jones (1998) suggest that these differences will not reduce the weed potential of this subspecies, especially in the long term. They suggest that the lack of international weed records may be a product of the short history of use of this subspecies—3 decades, compared to over 150 years of Leucaena leucocephala ssp.leucocephala worldwide."
(2) Because of weediness issues in the Leucaena,the low-seeding variety Tarramba is suggested for sensitive areas.

(2) http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Pasture/838.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

3.04

Unknown (1)' It is important to note that most records of weediness of Leucaena leucocephala are likely to be for Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala, which is widespread and known as a weed in over 25 countries across all continents, except Antarctica To date, Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata has not been recorded as weedy; however, it must be noted that many people cannot tell the two subspecies apart. Most records of weediness are listed at the species (not subspecies) level, and it is also likely that the two subspecies now occur in the same places across the globe. Shelton (1996) states that Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata variety Tarramba has less weed potential than subspecies leucocephala, as it is less precocious, is highly palatable to stock and does not set significant seed until the second year. Hughes and Jones (1998) suggest that these differences will not reduce the weed potential of this subspecies, especially in the long term. They suggest that the lack of international weed records may be a product of the short history of use of this subspecies—3 decades, compared to over 150 years of Leucaena leucocephala ssp.leucocephala worldwide."
(2) Because of weediness issues in the Leucaena,the low-seeding variety Tarramba is suggested for sensitive areas.

(2) http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Pasture/838.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

3.05

(1) Leucaena leucocephala is invasive on the Bonin islands and displaces native communities. (2) It is important to note that most records of weediness of Leucaena leucocephala are likely to be for Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala, which is widespread and known as a weed in over 25 countries across all continents, except Antarctica (3) Dr. Brewbaker, University of Hawaii, states :There is no evidence that any of the other 21 species of leucaena are invasive."

(1) Yoshida K., Oka S. 2004. Invasion of Leucaena leucocephala and its effects on the native plant community in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands. Weed Technology. 18:1371-137. (2) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Leucaena-PSA.pdf [Cited July 6]. (3) http://qcl.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and-general/general/leucaena-considered-for-forestry/82737.aspx?storypage=2 [Cited 2009 July 6].

4.01

(1) Leucaena leucocephala, formerly known as L. glauca, is a thornless long-lived shrub or tree which may grow to heights of 7-18 m. Leaves are bipinnate with 6-8 pairs of pinnae bearing 11-23 pairs of leaflets 8-16 mm long.

(1) http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e06.htm#2.1%20leucaena%20leucocephala%20%20%20the%20most%20widely%20used%20forage%20tree%20legume [Cited 2009 July 6].

4.02

(1) "Leucaena leucocephala, the miracle tree promoted for revegetation, soil and water conservation and animal improvements in India, also contains a toxic, non-protein amino acid in leaves and foliage that inhibits the growth of other trees but not its own seedlings. Leucaena species have also been shown to reduce the yield of wheat but increase the yield of rice." (2) L. leucocephala is known to have allelopathic effects on crops. (3) Study assessed the allelopathic effects of Leucaena leucocephala on two forest crops and three agricultural crops. Leucaena inhibited germination and growth in the crop species.

(1) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS186 [Cited 2009 July 6]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=LgivLq4TaBkC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=leucaena+%2B+%22allelopathy
%22&source=bl&ots=KjhYXpI8tg&sig=n_tOlrzjSWqGy8PAOq8tjsR7ySE&hl=en&ei=
4a9SSqndO5DMsQPal_yMBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 [Cited 2009 July 6]. (3) Ahmed R., Hoque R.A.T.M., Hossain M. 2008. Allelopathic effects of Leucaena leucocephala leaf litter on some forest and agricultural crops grown in nursery. Journal of Forestry Research. 19 )4):298-302

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e06.htm#2.1%20leucaena%20leucocephala
%20%20%20the%20most%20widely%20used%20forage%20tree%20legume [Cited 2009 July 6].

4.04

(1) The evaluation of forage tree legumes demonstrated that new leucaenas, such as the KX2 hybrid and cv. Tarramba, out-yielded other existing forage trees and could be recommended as a valuable addition to forage banks for wet-season and early dry-season feeding in NTT. The Leucaena thickets cannot be satisfactorily eradicated by cattle grazing alone, due to high costs, and would therefore need long-term management. (2) Twenty-five Leucaena lines and hybrids (including cv Tarramba) were grown and evaluated for their potential for livestock production. The results reaffirmed the superior palatability of all L. leucocephala cultivars for ruminants. The cultivar Tarramba has superior forage quality.

(1) Shelton M. 2000. Leucaena management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004

4.05

(1) The foliage and pods of Leucaena contain the toxic amino acid mimosine. Although quite toxic to non-ruminant animals, mimosine is broken down by microbes in the rumen. The microbes are naturally present in ruminants in Indonesia and Hawaii. (2) Leucaena (including var. Tarramba) should not be fed to horses or pigs as hair loss may occur. It should not be fed to sheep as the wool may be affected. For goats and cattle, it is fine to use Leucaena for up to 30% of the diet. If fed above that level, appetite may be affected unless the herd is treated with the “Leucaena bug”. This rumen organism was introduced from Hawaii by the CSIRO in the 1980s to detoxify mimosine (DHP) in the plant.

(1) http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e06.htm#2.1%20leucaena%20leucocephala%20%20%20the%20most%20widely%20used%20forage%20tree%20legume [Cited 2008 July 6]. (2) http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Pasture/838.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6]

4.06

(1) In a comparison study of resistance to Heteropsylla cubana and Coccus longulus, the cultivar Leucaena leucocephala "Taramba" was the least resistant to the psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana. (2) L. leucocephala "Tarramba" exhibited a strong tolerance (but not resistance) to psyllid damage.

(1) Elder R.J., Middleton C.H., Bell K.L. 1998. Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Psyllidae) and Coddus longulus (Douglas) (Coccidae) infestations on Leucaena species and hybrids in coastal central Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 37:52-56. (2) http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Newpub/PhilippineProceedings/castillo.pdf [Cited 2009 July 3].

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 July 6]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 July 6].

4.08

(1) A hot fire can significantly reduce the number Leucaena plants, which may require replanting. However, although some burnt trees may appear dead, there is often some re-shooting from the base (crown) of the plants during the next wet season

(1) http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Pasture/838.pdf[Cited 2009 July 6].

4.09

Unknown

4.10

(1) GIS mapping indicated that most of East Nusa Tenggara province, with its tropical climate and soils of neutral to alkaline pH, was suitable for growing Leucaena spp. (2) Leucaena is best planted in deep, well drained fertile soils of neutral to alkaline acidity. Through experience, the recommended soil acidity for growing Leucaena in Cambodia ranges from pH 6 to 7.5. However, Leucaena can be grown successfully in slightly more acidic soils with pH above 5.2. Below this pH, Rhizobium bacteria do not survive well and Leucaena does not extract the amount of food nutrients required for better growth. (3) L. leucocephala is poorly adapted to acid infertile soils. (4) Leucaena leucocephala thrives on a wide range of soils, but the most rapid growth is on deep clay soils which are fertile, moist and alkaline. It tolerates aluminum and soils low in iron and phosphorus. It grows best on neutral or alkaline soils, but does poorly on acidic latosols unless Mo, Ca, S and P are added. Its deep root system permits it to tolerate many soil types, from heavy soils to porous coral.

(1) Shelton M. 2000. Leucaena management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004 (2) http://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/farming_wood_fuel_in_cambodia.pdf [Cited 2009 July2] (3) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

4.11

(1) Tree, 3-15 m tall.

(1) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Leucaena-PSA.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

4.12

(1) The Leucaena thickets cannot be satisfactorily eradicated by cattle grazing alone, due to high costs, and would therefore need long-term management. [description of L. leucocephala wild type; no information on whether L. leucocephala var. Tarramba also can form dense thickets]

(1) Shelton M. 2000. Leucaena management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004

5.01

(1) Tree, 3-15 m tall.

(1) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Leucaena-PSA.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

5.02

(1) Fabaceae

(1) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Leucaena-PSA.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

5.03

(1) Leucaena leucocephala improves the soil by nitrogen fixation.

(1) http://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/farming_wood_fuel_in_cambodia.pdf [Cited 2009 July2].

5.04

(1) Tree, 3-15 m tall.

(1) http://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/farming_wood_fuel_in_cambodia.pdf [Cited 2009 July2].

6.01

(1) Cultivar

(1) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 6].

6.02

(1) Seed production of cv. Tarramba was commenced at BPTP Lily Station. (2) Leucaena can be planted by direct seeding.

(1) Shelton M. 2000. Leucaena management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004 (2) http://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/farming_wood_fuel_in_cambodia.pdf [Cited 2009 July2].

6.03

Unknown. (1) A KX2 hybrid was developed from the hybridization of L. leucocephala K636 (Tarramba) and L. pallida K748. (2) L. leucocephala hybridizes readily with other tetraploid species L. pallida, L. diversifolia, L. confertilflora, and with the diploid species L. esculenta, L. retusa, L. salvadorensis and L. shannonii.

(1) Purwantari N.D. 2005. Production of some lesser-known Leucaena species grown on acid soil. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 6 (2) :46-51 (2) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

6.04

(1) Leucaena leucocephala is a highly self-fertilized polyploid, producing seed that is true to type. Seeds of cultivar Tarramba are commercially available. (2) L. leucocephala is a highly self-compatible tetraploid and has a relatively narrow genetic base.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BOIQmQ1FnDUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA401&dq=Leucaena+leucocephala
+%22Tarramba%22&ots=4QGUwAbUmj&sig=MQoPeudj5TPQgeVg2UrUNrmjCrE [Cited 2009 July 2]. (2) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

6.05

(1) Leucaena leucocephala is a highly self-fertilized polyploid, producing seed that is true to type. (2) L. leucocephala is a highly self-compatible tetraploid and has a relatively narrow genetic base.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BOIQmQ1FnDUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA401&dq=Leucaena+leucocephala
+%22Tarramba%22&ots=4QGUwAbUmj&sig=MQoPeudj5TPQgeVg2UrUNrmjCrE [Cited 2009 July 2]. (2) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 3].

6.06

(1) Reproduction in Leucaena leucocephala occurs by seed. (2) Seed production of cv. Tarramba was commenced at BPTP Lily Station. (3) Leucaena can be planted by direct seeding.

(1) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Leucaena-PSA.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6]. (2) Shelton M. 2000. Leucaena management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004 (3) http://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/farming_wood_fuel_in_cambodia.pdf [Cited 2009 July2].

6.07

Unknown (1) Leucaena has a relatively short juvenile phase for a woody species. Under good growing conditions, it can commence flowering 3-4 months after planting. Flowering can occur at any time of the year.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BOIQmQ1FnDUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA401&dq=Leucaena+leucocephala
+%22Tarramba%22&ots=4QGUwAbUmj&sig=MQoPeudj5TPQgeVg2UrUNrmjCrE [Cited 2009 July 3].

7.01

(1) No means of attachment.

(1) Leucaena leucocephala seeds glossy brown, ellipsoid or ovoid, laterally flattened, 6-9 mm long, 3.5-5.5 mm wide, 0.8-2 mm thick, with a pleurogram ca. 4 mm long and 1.5 mm wide.

7.02

(1) There was recognition of the superior value of the introduced cultivar Tarramba, leading to strong unmet demand for seed. Both BPTP and Dinas Perternakan have established seed orchards of this cultivar and are distributing seed. (2) The cultivar Tarramba has recently ( around 1996) been released in Australia, and the seeds are available commercially.

(1) Shelton M. 2000. Leucaena management in West Timor and Cape York. Adoption of ACIAR project outputs: studies of projects completed in 2003–2004 (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=BOIQmQ1FnDUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA401&dq=Leucaena+leucocephala
+%22Tarramba%22&ots=4QGUwAbUmj&sig=MQoPeudj5TPQgeVg2UrUNrmjCrE [Cited 2009 July 3].

7.03

It is unlikely to be dispersed as a produce contaminant if the variety 'Tarramba's seeds are similar in size.(1) Leucaena leucocephala seeds glossy brown, ellipsoid or ovoid, laterally flattened, 6-9 mm long, 3.5-5.5 mm wide, 0.8-2 mm thick, with a pleurogram ca. 4 mm long and 1.5 mm wide.' - as seeds are large they are less likely to be introduced as a produce contaminant.

(1) Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.04

(1) A survey on the weed status and management of Leucaena leucocephala (predominately cultivars Cunningham and Tarramba) on cultivated lands in Queensland, Australia, identified water, wind, animals and cattle dung as mechanisms of dispersal.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20033106065 [Cited 2009 July 2].

7.05

(1) A survey on the weed status and management of Leucaena leucocephala (predominately cultivars Cunningham and Tarramba) on cultivated lands in Queensland, Australia, identified water, wind, animals and cattle dung as mechanisms of dispersal.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20033106065 [Cited 2009 July 2].

7.06

(1) A survey on the weed status and management of Leucaena leucocephala (predominately cultivars Cunningham and Tarramba) on cultivated lands in Queensland, Australia, identified water, wind, animals and cattle dung as mechanisms of dispersal.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20033106065 [Cited 2009 July 2].

7.07

No means of external attachment. (1) A survey on the weed status and management of Leucaena leucocephala (predominately cultivars Cunningham and Tarramba) on cultivated lands in Queensland, Australia, identified water, wind, animals and cattle dung as mechanisms of dispersal.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20033106065 [Cited 2009 July 2].

7.08

(1) A survey on the weed status and management of Leucaena leucocephala (predominately cultivars Cunningham and Tarramba) on cultivated lands in Queensland, Australia, identified water, wind, animals and cattle dung as mechanisms of dispersal.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20033106065 [Cited 2009 July 2].

8.01

Unknown (1)The current varieties are Cunningham and Taramba. Peru is an older variety, which is still available. There are few differences in growth patterns between the three varieties, except that the latest release, Taramba, appears to hold its leaf a bit better into the dry season and produces much fewer flowers and seed pods.

(1) http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Pasture/838.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

8.02

(1) Seeds of L. leucocephala remain viable from several months to several years. (2) The seeds (Tarramba) exhibit high levels of hardness and remain viable for a long period of time. There are about 24 000 seeds/kg.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Leucaena_leucocephala.html#Cultivation [Cited 2009 July 6]. (2) http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Pasture/838.pdf [Cited 2009 July 6].

8.03

Unknown (1) Post-emergence herbicides such as bentazone (post-emergence) and imazethapyr (post-planting) are commonly used in northern Australia. L. leucocephala can be controlled by basal bark application of herbicides containing 120 g/L picloram and 240 g/L triclopyr mixed with diesel. Application of glyphosate to regrowth after slashing will kill trees, but repeat applications may be necessary.

8.04

southeast Queensland, Australia. (3) Mature Leucaena leucocephala plants can tolerate fire and regrow from stumps.

(1) http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Newpub/PhilippineProceedings/castillo.pdf [Cited 2009 July 3]. (2) Mullen B.F., Gutteridge R.C. 2002. Wood and biomass production of Leucaena in subtropical Australia. Agroforestry Systems 55: 195-205. (3) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 6].

8.05

Unknown (1) The Leucaena psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana was discovered in Hawaii in 1984. This psyllid can cause devastating defoliation to Leucaena plantings. (2) Leucaena leucocephala var. 'Tarramba' has increase resistance to the leucaena psyllid.

(1) http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/v5020e/V5020E06.htm [Cited 2009 July 6]. (2) http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm [Cited 2009 July 6].