Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Lepidium virginicum


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 17


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Lepidium virginicum L. Family - Brassicaceae. Common Names(s) - peppergrass, poor-man's-pepper, Virginia pepperweed, Virginia-cress, mastruco, mastruz, menstruz, cresón, mancuerno, escobilla. Synonym(s) - Lepidium intermedium var. pubescens, Lepidium medium, Lepidium menziesii.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

0

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

17

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Canada: New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, British Columbia; United States: Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, California, Utah; Mexico: Baja Norted, Baja Sur, Chicuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Aguacalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Chiapas, Yucatan; Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21770 [cited 2009 March 9].

2.02

(1) Native to: Canada: New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, British Columbia; United States: Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, California, Utah; Mexico: Baja Norted, Baja Sur, Chicuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Aguacalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Chiapas, Yucatan; Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21770 [cited 2009 March 9].

2.03

(1) Elevation range 0 - 2,438 meters.

(1) http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=4712 [cited 2009 March 9].

2.04

(1) Native to: Canada: New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, British Columbia; United States: Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, California, Utah; Mexico: Baja Norted, Baja Sur, Chicuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Aguacalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Chiapas, Yucatan; Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21770 [cited 2009 March 9].

2.05

(1) Lepidium virginicum is a weed of agronomic, vegetable, orchard, and nursery crops and is distributed throughout the United States.

(1) http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/lepvi.htm [cited 2009 March 9].

3.01

(1) Lepidium virginicum is naturalized in Turkey and parts of Europe. (2)In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in disturbed sites, 0-2,500 m

(1) Terzioglu, S., R. Ansin, et al. (2003). A New Record for Turkey: Solidago canadensis L. Turkish Journal of Botany, Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey. 27: 155. (2)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1)In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in disturbed sites, 0-2,500 m (2)N.: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Manawatu. Waste land, railway ballast, roadsides

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Webb, C. J., W. R. Sykes, and P. J. Garnock-Jones. 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch.

3.03

(1) Lepidium virginicum is a weed of agronomic, vegetable, orchard, and nursery crops and is distributed throughout the United States.

(1) http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/lepvi.htm [cited 2009 March 9].

3.04

Unknown

3.05

(1) Lepidium latifolium is an invasive weed that is rapidly spreading throughout a wide range of habitats in the western United States.

(1) RENZ, M. J. and R. R. BLANK (2004). "Influence of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) Biology and Plant–Soil Relationships on Management and Restoration1." Weed Technology 18(sp1): 1359-1363.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, burrs.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

(1) Study indicated that cows preferred Lepidium virginicum in fields sown with Lepidium virginicum and Thlaspi arvense. Butter with peppergrass flavor occurred in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska.

(1) http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/26/6/505.pdf [cited 2009 March 10].

4.05

(1) No evidence in PubMed. (2) No evidence in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [cited 2009 March 9]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [cited 2009 March 9].

4.06

No evidence of being a significant primary or alternate host. (1) Host to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew).

(1) http://pnwfungi.wsu.edu/programs/searchHostResult.asp?
hostFamily=&hostGenus=Lepidium&hostSpecies=virginicum&fungusGenus=
&fungusSpecies=&geography=&Submit=Search [Cited 2009 March 10].

4.07

(1) No evidence in PubMed. (2) No evidence in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [cited 2009 March 9]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [cited 2009 March 9].

4.08

Unknown.

4.09

(1) Can grow in part-shade or full sun.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lepidium+virginicum [cited 2009 March 10].

4.10

(1)The soil can contain loam, gravel, or clay, and range from sterile to highly fertile.

(1)http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/cm_peppergrass.htm [cited 2009 June 23].

4.11

(1) Herbaceous annual, biennial, stems to +/- 70 cm tall.

(1) http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Lepidium_virginicum_page.html [Cited 2009 March 10].

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Annual or biennial herb. Terrestrial..

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Brassicaceae.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Annual or biennial herb. Terrestrial.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) No underground storage organs.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

No evidence.

 

6.02

(1) Study indicated that an interaction of a temperature shift and light enhanced the germination of Lepidium virginicum. The temperature shift enhances the effectiveness of a brief light exposure.

(1) Taylorson, R. B. and S. B. Hendricks (1972). "Interactions of light and a temperature shift on seed germination." Plant Physiology 49(2): 127-130.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1) Self-compatible.

(1) Lemen, C. (1980). "Allocation of Reproductive Effort to the Male and Female Strategies in Wind-Pollinated Plants." Oecologia 45(2): 156-159.

6.05

(1) Wind-pollinated. (2) Pollinated by insects.

(1) Lemen, C. (1980). "Allocation of Reproductive Effort to the Male and Female Strategies in Wind-Pollinated Plants." Oecologia 45(2): 156-159. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/wiki/index.php/Lepidium_virginicum_medium [cited 2009 March 10].

6.06

(1) Reproduces by seed.

(1) Taylorson, R. B. and S. B. Hendricks (1972). "Interactions of light and a temperature shift on seed germination." Plant Physiology 49(2): 127-130.

6.07

(1) Annual/biennial.

(1) Wagner W.L., H. D. R., Sohmer S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu Bishop Museum Press.

7.01

(1) Lepidium virginicum is a weed of agronomic, vegetable, orchard, and nursery crops and is distributed throughout the United States.

(1) http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/lepvi.htm [cited 2009 March 9].

7.02

no evidence of deliberate cultivation

 

7.03

Unknown [occurs in crop fields]

 

7.04

(1) Fruit is a rounded silicle that is approximately 4 mm wide and has a small notch at the apex. The fruit are flattened and also have a winged structure around the exterior.

(1) http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/lepvi.htm [cited 2009 March 9].

7.05

(1) Fruit is a rounded silicle that is approximately 4 mm wide and has a small notch at the apex. The fruit are flattened and also have a winged structure around the exterior.

(1) http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/lepvi.htm [cited 2009 March 9].

7.06

(1) In this experiments seeds of Lepidium virginicum were fed to several bird species to evaluate the viability after passage through the digestion tract. Viable seeds were recovered from killdeer, quail, lesser yellowlegs, pigeon and doves species.

(1) Vernon, W. P. (1968). "Long-Distance Dispersal of Seeds by Retention in Digestive Tract of Birds." Science 160(3825): 321-322.

7.07

No means of attachment

7.08

(1) In this experiments seeds of Lepidium virginicum were fed to several bird species to evaluate the viability after passage through the digestion tract. Viable seeds were recovered from killdeer, quail, lesser yellowlegs, pigeon and doves species.

(1) Vernon, W. P. (1968). "Long-Distance Dispersal of Seeds by Retention in Digestive Tract of Birds." Science 160(3825): 321-322.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1) According to the Kew Database, Lepidium virginicum seeds are orthodox.

(1) http://data.kew.org/sid/SidServlet?ID=13626&Num=b8p [Cited 2009 March 10].

8.03

Unknown. (1) Lepidum virginicum was found to be resistant to paraquat in an orchard in Canada.

(1) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/static/documents/wshop_wild%20radish%20symposium%20%202006.pdf#page=43 [Cited 2009 March 10].

8.04

(1) Lepidium virginicum increased in plots of sandy soil in a controlled burn experiment at the Welder Wildlife Foundation Refuge in southern Texas.

(1) Hansmire, J. A., D. L. Drawe, et al. (1988). "Effect of Winter Burns on Forbs and Grasses of the Texas Coastal Prairie." The Southwestern Naturalist 33(3): 333-338.

8.05

Unknown


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