Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Notes

1.01

No evidence that this species has been selected and bred by humans so that the plant now differs substantially from its wild relatives

1.02

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

1.03

Answer not scored because conditions for scoring (1.01 must = y) were not met

2.01

(1)"Lavatera maritima … grown along the French and Italian shores of the Mediitteranean, in Sardinia, in Spain … I have gathered it on the limestone cliffs at Noli, east of Finale … and it grows inland in the depertment of the Alpes Maritines at Le Bar and St. Arnoux" (2)"Distribution: L. maritima Goaun is a soft spreading shrub, native to the West Mediterranean from Corsica, Sardinia and Tunisia to Spain and Morocco. It grows in dry rocky places, usually near the sea."

(1)Moggridge, J.T. 1874. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone. London; Lovell Reeve & Co (2)Hinsley, S.R. Website: The Lavatera Pages: Tree Mallows. Accessed 2008. http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Lavatera/bicolor.html

2.02

The plant has a native range that only marginally reaches sub-tropical climates

2.03

"USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F) USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F) USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F)"

Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

2.04

No evidence

2.05

Grown as an ornamental "This is a very popular landscaping plant in arizona" as well as California

DeLange, G. Webpage Arizona Wild Flowers. Accesed 2008. http://www.delange.org/TreeMallow/TreeMallow.htm

3.01

(Possibly, in England) "it is rather interesting to observe how many plants, which are not truly indigenous have escaped from ancient homesteads and gardens, and have become quite at home as well as luxuriant ... Such interlopers are the following: ... Lavatera maritima."

Garner, R. 1878. Professor Edward Forbes and His Country. The Midland Naturalist 1: 90-94

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No see description "Mediterranean Shrub Mallow is a perennial, woody shrub with acer like, grayish-green foliage and numerous bright pink flowers with lilac veins."

Webpage: Rare Plants keyword product search. Accessed 2008. http://www.rareplants.de/shop/search.asp?

4.02

No evidence

4.03

Not parasitic

USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Staff. 2008. Parasitic Plant Genera List

4.04

"A Mediterranean species from coastal areas which has become rather rare due to the destruction of its habitat for tourist activities and by grazing of savage goats."

Webpage: Rare Plants keyword product search. Accessed 2008. http://www.rareplants.de/shop/search.asp?

4.05

"A Mediterranean species from coastal areas which has become rather rare due to the destruction of its habitat for tourist activities and by grazing of savage goats."

Webpage: Rare Plants keyword product search. Accessed 2008. http://www.rareplants.de/shop/search.asp?

4.06

(1)"Potential problems: Rare, hollyhock rust in extremely damp situations and Japanese beetles." (2)"Lavatera bicolor is a host for the West Coast Lady Butterfly, Vanessa annabella."

(1)Readers Digest Editors. 2002. Care-Free Plants. Published by Reader's Digest, 356 pages (2)Webpage: California Gardens. Accessed 2008. http://www.californiagardens.com/Plant_Pages/lavatera_bicolor.htm

4.07

There is no evidence of allergies despite this being a fairly well known cultivated plant

4.08

No information on flammability exists

4.09

(1)"Light Range: Sun to Full Sun" (2)"It cannot grow in the shade."

(1)Backyardgardener, LLC Website: Backyardgardener Plant Encyclopedia. Accessed 2008. http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantsearch.html (2)Webpage: Plants for A Future: Edible, Medicinal ans Useful Plants for a Healthier World. Accessed 2008. http://www.pfaf.org/index.php

4.10

"Soil pH requirements: 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)"

Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

4.11

Not a vine, but "Branched perennial shrub to 50-200 cm, branches stiff. Stems brownish-green, aging to brown, with an indumentum of short hairs, eventually becoming grey and woody"

Hinsley, S.R. Website: The Lavatera Pages: Tree Mallows. Accessed 2008. http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Lavatera/bicolor.html

4.12

No, growth form does not impede movement

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Not Poaceae

5.03

Not Nitrogen-fixing

5.04

Not a geophyte

6.01

"All common here … Lavatera maritima"

Cassy, R. 2007. Riviera Nature Notes A Popular Account Of The More Conspicuous Plants And Animals Of The Riviera And The Maritime Alps

6.02

(1)"Fundamental facts [Lavatera maritima]. Source: Seeds. Growing Lavatera. Success is easy with lavateras if their few needs are met. Sow the seeds on loose, friable soil." (2)"It is increased chiefly by seeds" (3)"Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds"

(1)Readers Digest Editors. 2002. Care-Free Plants. Published by Reader's Digest, 356 pages (2)Loudon, J.C. 1825. The green-house companion. Harding, Triphook, and Lepard; 2nd edition (3)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

6.03

"I have observed it to be sterile as a seed parent with Lavatera arborea, Lavatera cretica and Malva sylvestris, and as a pollen parent with Lavatera arborea, Lavatera ×clementii, Lavatera cretica, Lavatera mauritanica, Lavatera plebeia, Malva moschata alba and Malva sylvestris. However seed was obtained from a deliberate cross with Lavatera acerfolia, and also from a open-pollinated flower when grown in proximity to Lavatera acerifolia. The reciprocal cross also produced seed. These observations lend weight to the hypothesis that it is self-incompatible, rather than sterile. (Note: although the seeds look to be good I have not yet had the opportunity to attempt to germinate them.)"

Hinsley, S.R. Website: The Lavatera Pages: Tree Mallows. Accessed 2008. http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Lavatera/bicolor.html

6.04

"In addition to it not being self-fertile, I have observed it to be sterile as a seed parent with Lavatera arborea, Lavatera cretica and Malva sylvestris, and as a pollen parent with Lavatera arborea, Lavatera ×clementii, Lavatera cretica, Lavatera mauritanica, Lavatera plebeia, Malva moschata alba and Malva sylvestris. However seed was obtained from a deliberate cross with Lavatera acerfolia, and also from a open-pollinated flower when grown in proximity to Lavatera acerifolia. The reciprocal cross also produced seed. These observations lend weight to the hypothesis that it is self-incompatible, rather than sterile. (Note: although the seeds look to be good I have not yet had the opportunity to attempt to germinate them.)"

Hinsley, S.R. Website: The Lavatera Pages: Tree Mallows. Accessed 2008. http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Lavatera/bicolor.html

6.05

"Reproductive type, pollination. Fertile flowers hermaphrodite. Unisexual flowers absent. Plants hermaphrodite. Entomophilous."

Department of Environment and Conservation Western Austalian Herbarium. Webpage: FloraBase. Western Austalian Flora. Accessed 2008. http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/advanced

6.06

Possibly, however, only records are cultivated plants (1)"New plants start readily from cuttings." (2)(in regards to a syn. Lavatera bicolor] "I have had some success air layering them, sometimes accidentally. They start from semi hardwood cuttings taken in the early spring. "

(1)Lee Baldwin, D. 2007. Designing With Succulents. Timber Press, OR (2)Webpage: California Gardens. Accessed 2008. http://www.californiagardens.com/Plant_Pages/lavatera_bicolor.htm

6.07

(1)"This shrub grows incredibly fast and produces proditious ammounts of summer blossom. However fast growth leads to a short life and an ability to hog bed space." (2)"Lavatera maritima, or tree mallow, is another good choice. It's capable of reaching 2 metres in one to two years. It has an exquisite flower - it's soft lavender pink with a darker cerise pink centre and it's almost hibiscus like." (3)[in regards to Lavatera maritina] "these annuals .. Look more like a stalwart perennial or mini-shrub. Individual blossoms are short-lived but Lavateras make up for that by generating blossoms all summer."

(1)Webpage, Plant Finder UK. Accessed 2008. http://www.findmeplants.co.uk/fullquestionnaire.aspx (2)Thompson, S. Webpage. Gardening Australia. Fact Sheet: Mediterranean Plants. Accessed 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s1503307.htm (3)Readers Digest Editors. 2002. Care-Free Plants. Published by Reader's Digest, 356 pages

7.01

Plants grown as ornamentals not in heavily trafficked areas.

7.02

"Until 1990s the shrubby mallow, Lavatera, was generally offered for sale as a herbaceous plant, and only a few small soft specimens were sold each year. Since then, its qualities have been recognized and it has now become a garden staple."

McIndoe, A. 2005. Shrubs (Hillier Gardener's Guide). David & Charles PLC 192 pages

7.03

Not cultivated alongside produce

7.04

Other species of Lavatera shown to be dispersed via Barochory however, dispersal mechanism unknown for this particular species. Based on available information for other members of this genus, gravity-dispersal is assumed

Benvenuti, S. 2007. Weed seed movement and dispersal strategies in the agricultural environment. Weed Biology and Management 7(3): 141-157

7.05

Seeds are gravity-dispersed

7.06

No, fruits are not fleshy see description "Fruit and seed features. Fruit 6–8 mm long; non-fleshy; hairy, or not hairy; a schizocarp (discoid, umbilicate dehiscing into dehiscent mericarps arranged in a whorl around the conical receptacle, dehiscent apparently by abscission of the disc, i.e. circumciss). Mericarps 5–16. Dispersal unit the mericarp (reniform). Seeds 1 per mericarp."

Department of Environment and Conservation Western Austalian Herbarium. Webpage: FloraBase. Western Austalian Flora. Accessed 2008. http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/advanced

7.07

There are no seed structures to allow attachement to animals

7.08

Fruits are not adapted for dispersal by animals or birds

8.01

Unlikely given seed description and plant growth form

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1)Tolerant of pruning "Regular pruning results in a dense plant." (2)"It does have an open habit and if a more compact plant is desired, an occasional hard prune is needed. "

(1)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (2)Webpage: Xeroscape Demonstration Garden Information Sheet. Accessed 2008. http://web.gccaz.edu/glendalelibrary/GLIS%20Lavatera%20maritima.htm

8.05

Unknown