Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Kopsia fruticosa
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -6
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
Kopsia fruticosa (Shrub Vinca, Pink Kopsia, Kopsia Merah, Pink Gardenia) Synonyms - Cerbera fruticosa and Kopsia vinciflora. Family - Apocynaceae | Answer | Score | |
1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | n | |
1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | n | 0 |
2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | ? | |
3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -1 |
3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | ||
4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | ||
4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | ||
6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 0 | |
7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | ||
7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | ||
8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | n | -1 |
8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
Total score: | -6 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Reference |
|
1.01 |
No evidence |
|
1.02 |
No evidence |
|
1.03 |
No evidence |
|
2.01 |
(1)Native to China. Asian distribution - India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thai-land (2)Origin - S E Asia. (3)Native: ASIA-TROPICAL Indo-China: Myanmar. (4)Native to Malay Peninsula. |
(1http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_pick?FOCNAME=Kopsia+fruticosa (2)http://flowersinsingapore.blogspot.com/2006/04/kopsia-fruticosa.html (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Kopsia+fruticosa+ (4)Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
Hardiness zones 10 to 12. |
Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Vol 1 Pg 783. |
2.04 |
(1)Native to China. Asian distribution - India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thai-land (2)Origin - S E Asia. (3)Native: ASIA-TROPICAL Indo-China: Myanmar. (4)Native to Malay Peninsula. |
(1http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_pick?FOCNAME=Kopsia+fruticosa (2)http://flowersinsingapore.blogspot.com/2006/04/kopsia-fruticosa.html (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Kopsia+fruticosa+ (4)Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. |
2.05 |
Introduced into the United States.[No other evidence of introduction in the U.S. or elsewhere] |
Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Pg 783. |
3.01 |
No evidence |
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
|
3.04 |
No evidence |
|
3.05 |
No evidence |
|
4.01 |
No evidence of such structures. |
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402 |
4.02 |
No evidence |
|
4.03 |
No evidence |
|
4.04 |
Don’t know |
|
4.05 |
No evidence |
|
4.06 |
No evidence of associated pests or pathogens. |
|
4.07 |
Probably not - Cultivated for medicine. |
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402 |
4.08 |
Probably not - An evergreen shrub with glabrous leaves, not known to form thickets. |
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402 |
4.09 |
(1)Full sun. (2)Probably not - It won’t even bloom with full vigor unless it sees the sun for at least half a day. |
(1) Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Vol 1 Pg 783. (2)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Kopsia_fruticosa |
4.1 |
No evidence regarding soil requirements. |
|
4.11 |
This is a tall bush with simple leaves |
http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Kopsia_fruticosa |
4.12 |
No evidence |
|
5.01 |
||
5.02 |
||
5.03 |
No evidence |
|
5.04 |
||
6.01 |
||
6.02 |
Genus characteristic - Propagation is from seed. |
Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Vol 1 Pg 783. |
6.03 |
Don’t know. |
|
6.04 |
||
6.05 |
Photo of flowers. [Probably not - does not appear to have any adaptation for specialist pollinators]. |
http://www.flickr.com/photos/twin_lens/96554500/in/set-72057594058892969/ |
6.06 |
No evidence of spread by vegetative means. |
|
6.07 |
||
7.01 |
Plant habit is that of a small bush. No evidence of being planted in heavily trafficked areas. No evidence that the propagules could be accidentally moved around. |
|
7.02 |
(1)An ornamental commonly grown in groups in gardens. (2)Cultivated for medicine. |
(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=KOPSIA_FRUTICOSA (2)http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402 |
7.03 |
Probably not - no evidence that the species grows near produce crops. No evidence that the flowers and/or seeds are used as cutflower. |
|
7.04 |
Probably not - relatively large fruit. Drupe ellipsoid, usually solitary, 1-seeded, to 2.5 X 2 cm, pubescent. [Probably not - relatively large seed with no special adaptation for dispersal by wind]. |
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402 |
7.05 |
Probably not - no evidence that the species inhabits waterways. |
|
7.06 |
Relatively large fruit. Drupe ellipsoid, usually solitary, 1-seeded, to 2.5 X 2 cm, pubescent. [Although fruit is a drupe the size is relatively large for being dispersed by birds]. |
|
7.07 |
Probably not - no evidence that the species has any means of attachment. |
|
7.08 |
No evidence of ingestion. |
|
8.01 |
Probably not - relatively large fruit. Drupe ellipsoid, usually solitary, 1-seeded, to 2.5 X 2 cm, pubescent. |
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402 |
8.02 |
No evidence regarding seed bank. |
|
8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
|
8.04 |
Probably not - 'Unlike many other plants, frequent pruning stunts its growth. Trim it too often and it looks like it’s smoking 60 cigarettes per day.' |
http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=KOPSIA_FRUTICOSA |
8.05 |
Don’t know. |
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This page created 24 December 2006