Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Kopsia fruticosa


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -6


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
  Kopsia fruticosa (Shrub Vinca, Pink Kopsia, Kopsia Merah, Pink Gardenia) Synonyms - Cerbera fruticosa and Kopsia vinciflora. Family - Apocynaceae Answer Score
1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
1.02 Has the species become naturalized where grown? n  
1.03 Does the species have weedy races? n  
2.01 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” 2  
2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high)                 see appendix 2 2  
2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n 0
2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y 1
2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?  y=-2 ?  
3.01 Naturalized beyond native range         y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 n -1
3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed                              y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.03 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed                         y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.04 Environmental weed                                                     y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.05 Congeneric weed                                                          y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0
4.02 Allelopathic n 0
4.03 Parasitic n 0
4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals    
4.05 Toxic to animals n 0
4.06 Host for recognized pests and pathogens    
4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0
4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0
4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 0
4.1 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)    
4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0
4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0
5.01 Aquatic n 0
5.02 Grass n 0
5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0
5.04 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) n 0
6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n 0
6.02 Produces viable seed. y 1
6.03 Hybridizes naturally    
6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic    
6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0
6.06 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation n -1
6.07 Minimum generative time (years)                 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1   0
7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) n -1
7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1
7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1
7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1
7.05 Propagules water dispersed n -1
7.06 Propagules bird dispersed    
7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n -1
7.08 Propagules survive passage through the gut    
8.01 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) n -1
8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)    
8.03 Well controlled by herbicides    
8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire n -1
8.05 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)    
  Total score:   -6

Supporting data:

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native to China. Asian distribution - India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thai-land (2)Origin - S E Asia. (3)Native: ASIA-TROPICAL Indo-China: Myanmar. (4)Native to Malay Peninsula.

(1http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_pick?FOCNAME=Kopsia+fruticosa (2)http://flowersinsingapore.blogspot.com/2006/04/kopsia-fruticosa.html (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Kopsia+fruticosa+ (4)Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia.

2.02

2.03

Hardiness zones 10 to 12.

Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Vol 1 Pg 783.

2.04

(1)Native to China. Asian distribution - India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thai-land (2)Origin - S E Asia. (3)Native: ASIA-TROPICAL Indo-China: Myanmar. (4)Native to Malay Peninsula.

(1http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_pick?FOCNAME=Kopsia+fruticosa (2)http://flowersinsingapore.blogspot.com/2006/04/kopsia-fruticosa.html (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Kopsia+fruticosa+ (4)Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia.

2.05

Introduced into the United States.[No other evidence of introduction in the U.S. or elsewhere]

Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Pg 783.

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence of associated pests or pathogens.

4.07

Probably not - Cultivated for medicine.

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402

4.08

Probably not - An evergreen shrub with glabrous leaves, not known to form thickets.

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402

4.09

(1)Full sun. (2)Probably not - It won’t even bloom with full vigor unless it sees the sun for at least half a day.

(1) Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Vol 1 Pg 783. (2)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Kopsia_fruticosa

4.1

No evidence regarding soil requirements.

4.11

This is a tall bush with simple leaves

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Kopsia_fruticosa

4.12

No evidence

5.01

5.02

5.03

No evidence

5.04

6.01

6.02

Genus characteristic - Propagation is from seed.

Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Vol 1 Pg 783.

6.03

Don’t know.

6.04

6.05

Photo of flowers. [Probably not - does not appear to have any adaptation for specialist pollinators].

http://www.flickr.com/photos/twin_lens/96554500/in/set-72057594058892969/

6.06

No evidence of spread by vegetative means.

6.07

7.01

Plant habit is that of a small bush. No evidence of being planted in heavily trafficked areas. No evidence that the propagules could be accidentally moved around.

 

7.02

(1)An ornamental commonly grown in groups in gardens. (2)Cultivated for medicine.

(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=KOPSIA_FRUTICOSA (2)http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402

7.03

Probably not - no evidence that the species grows near produce crops. No evidence that the flowers and/or seeds are used as cutflower.

 

7.04

Probably not - relatively large fruit. Drupe ellipsoid, usually solitary, 1-seeded, to 2.5 X 2 cm, pubescent. [Probably not - relatively large seed with no special adaptation for dispersal by wind].

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402

7.05

Probably not - no evidence that the species inhabits waterways.

7.06

Relatively large fruit. Drupe ellipsoid, usually solitary, 1-seeded, to 2.5 X 2 cm, pubescent. [Although fruit is a drupe the size is relatively large for being dispersed by birds].

 

7.07

Probably not - no evidence that the species has any means of attachment.

7.08

No evidence of ingestion.

8.01

Probably not - relatively large fruit. Drupe ellipsoid, usually solitary, 1-seeded, to 2.5 X 2 cm, pubescent.

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018402

8.02

No evidence regarding seed bank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Probably not - 'Unlike many other plants, frequent pruning stunts its growth. Trim it too often and it looks like it’s smoking 60 cigarettes per day.'

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=KOPSIA_FRUTICOSA

8.05

Don’t know.


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This page created 24 December 2006