Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv. Family - Crassulaceae. Common Names(s) - Chandelier plant, kandelaarplant, röhrenblütiges Brutblatt. Synonym(s) - Kalanchoe tubiflora, Kalanchoe delagoensis.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

9

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Madagascar.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21027 [Accessed 2009 Feb 10].

2.02

(1) Native to Madagascar.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21027 [Accessed 2009 Feb 10].

2.03

(1) USDA hardiness zones 10-12

(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Crassulaceae/Kalanchoe_tubiflora.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 10].

2.04

(1) Native to Madagascar.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?21027 [Accessed 2009 Feb 10].

2.05

(1) Commonly cultivated and widespread as an escapee.

(1) http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=124870 [Accessed 2008 Feb 10].

3.01

(1) Invasive in Hawaii, New Zealand, The Galapagos Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Palau

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/bryophyllum_delagoense.htm [Accessed 2009 Feb. 10}.

3.02

(1) Escaped garden plant in Queensland, inhabiting pastures, roadsides, and fence lines.

(1) http://www.agricrop.com.au/documents/mother_of_mill_nrm_fact_sheet.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 10].

3.03

Unknown

3.04

Unknown

3.05

(1) Bryophyllum pinnatum is an invasive weed in China.

(1) Weber, E., S.-G. Sun, et al. (2008). "Invasive alien plants in China: diversity and ecological insights." Biological Invasions 10(8): 1411-1429.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) Cardiac glycoside poisoning was produced in calves given flower heads of B. tubiflorum. (2) Flowers are poisonous to cattle.

(1) McKenzie, R. A., F. P. Franke, et al. (1987). "THE TOXICITY TO CATTLE AND BUFADIENOLIDE CONTENT OF SIX BRYOPHYLLUM SPECIES." Australian Veterinary Journal 64(10): 298-301 (2) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=&ibra=all&card=H14 [Accessed 2009 Feb. 10].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) All parts of the plant are poisonous.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/595/ [Accessed 2009 Feb 10].

4.08

succulent

4.09

(1) Sun to part shade (2)Sunlight: Full Sun, Partial Sun, Shade

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/595/ [Accessed 2009 Feb 10]. (2)http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/kalanchoe/kalanchoe_1614.php [Accessed 22 June 2009]

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1) Herbaceous grows to 6'.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Crassulaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Herbaceous

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) Not geophyte.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Reproduce from seeds.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/595/ [Accessed 2009 Feb 10].

6.03

(1) Brophyllum daigremontianum x B. tubifolium produced when parent species were grown together as horticultural plants.

(1) Anonymous. 1983. Crassulaceae - the mothers of millions. Australian Weeds. 2 (4): 146-151.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Unknown

6.06

(1) Bulbils form at edge of leaves.

(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Crassulaceae/Kalanchoe_tubiflora.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 10].

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1) Most dispersal is by the discarding of plants from the garden.

(1) Anonymous. 1983. Crassulaceae - the mothers of millions. Australian Weeds. 2 (4): 146-151.

7.02

(1) Jenny's Garden has B. tubiflorum plants for sale.

(1) http://jennysgarden.com/index.htm [Accessed 2008 Feb 10].

7.03

Not likely.

7.04

(1)reproduces by bulbils

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/kalanchoe_delagoensis.htm

7.05

(1)reproduces by bulbils [typically does not grow near water]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/kalanchoe_delagoensis.htm

7.06

(1)reproduces by bulbils [not eaten by birds]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/kalanchoe_delagoensis.htm

7.07

bulbils have no means of attachment

7.08

not consumed by animals

8.01

bulbils are prolific but not sure if 1000 per m 2 is achieved

8.02

bulbils are maintianed on plant

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Fire is used to control B. tubiflorum infestations.

(1) http://www.agricrop.com.au/documents/mother_of_mill_nrm_fact_sheet.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 10].

8.05

Widespread in Hawai‘i