Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Jacaranda mimosifolia


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Jacaranda mimosifolia (Jacaranda ovalifolia; Brazilian rose wood, green ebony)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)In Hawai‘i, a popular ornamental now naturalized in relatively dry to mesic areas. (2)"Jacaranda is a significant and successful invader in the northern and eastern parts of South Africa in savanna, riparian woodland and forests in sheltered situations. The current rough estimate is that is has invaded about 1.8 million ha, mainly at very low densities." (3)Invasive in southeastern Queensland, Australia, but not yet a serious problem

http://www.hear.org/pier/jamim.htm

1.03

No evidence

2.01

The species is native to Argentina and Brazil, but has been introduced as an ornamental to many parts of the tropics.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA zones 9 to 11. (2)J. mimosifolia grows best in highland areas up to 2400 m with an annual rainfall of 900-1300 mm. Approximate limits north to south: 25°N to 40°S (3)Specimens commonly collected 500-2000 m elevation

(1)Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5 (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

The species is native to Argentina and Brazil, but has been introduced as an ornamental to many parts of the tropics.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

Introduced to several countries.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)In Hawai‘i, a popular ornamental now naturalized in relatively dry to mesic areas. "Jacaranda is a significant and successful invader in the northern and eastern parts of South Africa in savanna, riparian woodland and forests in sheltered situations. The current rough estimate is that is has invaded about 1.8 million ha, mainly at very low densities." (David C. Le Maitre, communication to Aliens listserver); Invasive in southeastern Queensland, Australia, but not yet a serious problem (Rachel McFadyen, communication to Aliens listserver).

http://www.hear.org/pier/jamim.htm

3.02

(1)can be considered a nuisance [quoted from an MSN garden discussion group -- no geographic location or explantion was provided; weakly implies that it is a garden weed] (2)Unfortunately, this success has given rise to a seamier side to the species which was brought home to me on a recent Society outing when an ardent and learned Member was seen uprooting self-sown Jacaranda seedlings from his garden in silent irritation. [might imply garden weed? But evidence is anecdotal]

(1)http://www.ourgardengang.com/invasive.htm (2)http://site.mweb.co.zw/treesociety/newsfeb.htm

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)"Jacaranda is a significant and successful invader in the northern and eastern parts of South Africa in savanna, riparian woodland and forests in sheltered situations. The current rough estimate is that is has invaded about 1.8 million ha, mainly at very low densities." (David C. Le Maitre, communication to Aliens listserver); Invasive in southeastern Queensland, Australia, but not yet a serious problem (Rachel McFadyen, communication to Aliens listserver). [no evidence of environmental harm is given; statements imply uncertainty about pest status] (2)Jacaranda propagates itself in nature in the warm humid regions, such as the Lowveld of the Northern Province and Mpumalanga. In these areas the species can be undesirable. [vague] (3)Proposed category 3 invader in Natal, S. Africa -- may no longer be planted but established plants can be maintained (4)Not described among "important invaders" in Natal S. Afirca" [all references from S. Africa were vague about threats of potential threats of this plant] (5)E

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/jamim.htm (2)http://www.stratek.co.za/.%5carchive%5cronniekasrils.html [Jacaranda - Xenophobia in the name of Environment Management? Ronnie Kasrils MP; This article was originally published in Green & Gold, October 2001.] (3)http://www.kznwildlife.org/AlienCategories.htm (4)http://www.kznwildlife.com/mngt_alienp.htm (5)http://www.wrm.org.uy/countries/Africa/trouble9.html (6)Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171.

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1)Pests recorded
Insect pests:
Orthezia insignis
Phytoliriomyza jaracandae
Saissetia coffeae
Fungus diseases:
Armillaria
Ganoderma
Parasitic plants:
Erianthemum ulugurense
[Saissetia coffeae: In Hawaii this scale attacks several ornamental plants including Crytomiun and other ferns, Clermontia parviflora, Pipturus, Solanum santiwongsei (Zimmerman, 1948), Dendrobium orchids, and proteas. Bittermelon is also a known host of the hemispherical scale. In other parts of the world, its main host is coffee, and alternative hosts include tea, Citrus, guava, mango, and many other cultivated and wild plants.(http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/s_coffea.htm)] [very wide host range]
(2)No serious insect or disease problems.
(3)Armillaria mellea: Zimbabwe - 8318
Armillaria sp.: New Zealand - 6224
Cercospora sp.: Burma - 6641
Fumago vagans: Zimbabwe - 8318
Rhizoctonia lamellifera: Kenya - 6774
Trichoderma viride: Kenya - 6774 None of the above pests were f

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/codea/A873.shtml (3)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

(4) Hanif Gul; Bajwa, G. A.; Panhwar, G. N. (1997) Integrated control of mango mealy bug Drosicha stebbingi green (Hemiptera; Margarodidae) infesting forestry tree species at the Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 1997, Vol.47, No.1/4, pp.65-72, 8 ref.

4.07

AB: "Pollen of 12 ornamental trees of potential importance as causes of seasonal allergies was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy, in the district of Santa Cruz-La Laguna in Tenerife, Canary Islands. The 12 species were: Cupressus macrocarpa, Schinus molle, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Quercus suber, Acacia cyanophylla [A. saligna], Eucalyptus globulus, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Platanus hybrida [P. acerifolia], Tilia tomentosa, Jacaranda ovalifolia, Spathodea campanulata and Grevillea robusta . " [Might cause allergies in a few sensitive peopel]

La-Serna Ramos, I.; Dominguez Santana, M. D.; Méndez Pérez, B.; Acebes Ginovés, J. R.; Pérez de Paz, P. L. (1991) Contribution to an aeropalynological atlas of the district of Santa Cruz-La Laguna (Tenerife: Canary Islands). V - Ornamental flora. [FT: Contribución al atlas aeropalinológico de la comarca Santa Cruz-La Laguna (Tenerife: Islas Canarias). V - Flora ornamental.] Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, 1991, Vol.64, pp.99-134, 28 ref.

4.08

it is a deciduous tree. But it almost always grows at low densities suggesting no

4.09

(1)Needs full sun. (2)If used as an ornamental, an open environment or large spacing is required for this light-demanding species with its wide canopy.

(1)Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5 (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.1

(1)Sandy, well drained soil with neutral pH. (2)It grows well on well-drained sandy loam soils, although it will survive on poorer shallow soils. The species does not tolerate waterlogged or clay soils. (3) Jacarandas should be grown in well-drained, sandy soils.

(1)Plant Master. CDROM database. Version 5.5 (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (3)http://www.berkeleyhort.com/gardensuggestions/gs_mj01_jacarandas.html

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

J. mimosifolia is a medium-large, deciduous tree, up to 20 m in height.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

Bignoniaceae

5.03

Bignoniaceae

5.04

No

6.01

Fresh seed has a germination capacity of 50-92%, and generally no seed pre-treatment is required.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

Fresh seed has a germination capacity of 50-92%, and generally no seed pre-treatment is required.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

p.71 "Compatibility studies indicate the species to be self-compatible."

Shubhra Battacharjee; Sareen, T. S. (1991) Breeding systems of Millettia ovalifolia Kurz. (Leguminosae) and Jacranda mimosifolia D. Don. (Bignoniaceae). Indian Forester, 1991, Vol.117, No.1, pp.70-71, 5 ref.

6.05

Probably not - the flower morphology does not indicate any special adaptation for specialist pollinators. (2) AB: "the main sources of surplus honey are Jacaranda mimosaefolia [J. mimosifolia ], Grevillea robusta , Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. sideroxylon" [visted by bees].

http://www.cuyamaca.net/oh170/Thumbnail_Pages/Jacaranda_mimosifolia.asp
(2) Murless, P. (1994) Two and a half years of beekeeping in King William's Town, South Africa. South African Bee Journal, 1994, Vol.66, No.5, pp.100-105

6.06

Probably not - no evidence of vegetative spread in the wild.

6.07

(1)Growth rate: fast (2)seedling trees often take a very long time to bloom, it is not unusual to wait seven to fourteen years for flowers to appear while grafted tree may flower in three to five years.[must be greater than 4 years for seedling given this statement] (3)I live in Perth and have a Jacaranda tree now planted for about 18 yrs and has never flowered.

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST317 (2)http://hendry.ifas.ufl.edu/HCHortNews_Jacaranda.htm (3)http://www.au.gardenweb.com/forums/load/trees/msg07193856670.html

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

http://www.hear.org/pier/jamim.htm

7.02

Probably yes- (1)Showy flowers. (2)J. mimosifolia provides pleasant open shade and is an effective windbreak, but is most widely planted as an ornamental.

(1)Southern Trees. CDROM database. (2) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

Probably not - seeds relatively large - 0.9 -1.2 cm long and winged.

http://www.hear.org/pier/jamim.htm

7.04

(1)Flowers give way to flattened 2-inch capsules, each containing numerous winged seeds. (2)Seeds 0.9-1.2 cm long, the wing more or less surrounding the seed body. Wind-dispersed seed.

(1)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/codea/A873.shtml (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/jamim.htm

7.05

Jacaranda mimosifolia is a native to north-eastern Argentina where it occurs mainly along rivers in warmer-temperate sub-humid areas. [could be water dispersed]

http://www.stratek.co.za/.%5carchive%5cronniekasrils.html

7.06

Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST317

7.07

wind dispersed

7.08

no evidence of consumption

8.01

Probably not - seeds relatively big. (1)Flowers give way to flattened 2-inch capsules, each containing numerous winged seeds. (2)Seeds 0.9-1.2 cm long, the wing more or less surrounding the seed body. Wind-dispersed seed.

(1)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/codea/A873.shtml (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/jamim.htm

8.02

(1)remove seed from capsule and germinate immediately

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG108

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

suited for coppicing

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Don’t know.


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