Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Ixora chinensis


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -2


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ixora chinensis Lam. Family - Rubiaceae. Common Names(s) - kam rontea, Chinese ixora, santan-pula, pechah priok, b[ooj]ng trang d[or]. Synonym(s) - Ixora flammea, Ixora stricta

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) No evidence

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20579 [Accessed 2008 Nov 7]

2.02

(1) Native to China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20579 [Accessed 2008 Nov 7]

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness Zones: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11 (2) Grows at slight elevations.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53338/ (2) http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:0a1uzigbbsIJ:sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/27/2700171.pdf
+ixora+chinensis+%2B+%22native%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=12&gl=us [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

2.04

(1) Native to China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20579 [Accessed 2008 Nov 7]

2.05

(1) Ong Nursery in San Diego carries I. chinensis. (2) I. chinensis is an old favorite in Hawai'i. (3) I. chinensis is available at the Northern Rivers Nursery, Queensland.

(1) http://www.geocities.com/quangong2/ [Accessed 2008 Nov 7] (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (3) http://www.nrwn.com.au/Price%20List/wholesale-nursery-pricelist.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

3.01

(1) The World Agroforestry Centre states that I. chinensis is widely cultivated as an ornamental and has medicinal value. (2) Global Compendium of Weeds states that I. chinensis has naturalized in Japan. There is no evidence besides the GCW stating naturalization and this species has been introduces widely as an ornamental.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18117 (2) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/ixora_chinensis/ [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy in the literature.

 

4.03

(1) No evidence of parasitism.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in the literature, Pubmed or Toxnet.

(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

4.06

No evidence of being the host of a major pest or pathogen. (1)T he most common pests of Ixora are aphids, scale insects, and mealy bugs. Sooty mold, a black fungus that grows on the excrement of these bugs, can follow. (2) Host for Pseudocercospora ixorae.

(1) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP164 [Accessed 2008 Nov 7]. (2) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20056401314 [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

4.07

(1) Root extracts are use medicinally in Malaysia. (2) No evidence of toxicity to humans from the literature or from Toxnet or Pubmed

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Accessed 2008 Nov 7]. 

4.08

Unlikely to create a fire hazard.

 

4.09

(1) Ixora prefer sun to partial shade. (2) flowered under 30% reduction from full sun

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP16400.pdf (2)http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP15026.html

4.10

(1) Ixora prefer acidic soil and can have iron and managanese deficiencies if grown in alkaline soils.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP16400.pdf

4.11

(1) shrub

(1) http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18117 [Accessed 2008 Nov 5].

4.12

No evidence

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

5.02

(1) Rubiaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

5.03

(1) Rubiaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

5.04

(1) Rubiaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

6.01

(1) No evidence of reproductive failure in native habitat and the 1937 Hong Kong Naturalist states that the high demand for this species in cultivation nearly led to its extermination in the wild. (2) I chinensis is extremely abundant in the low hills in Kwangtun north of British territory.

(1) Jarrett, V.H.C. 1932. The protection of wild plants in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Naturalist. May:99-105. (2) Herklots, G.A.C. 1937. The flowering shrubs and trees of Hong Kong Part VIII. The Hong Kong Naturalist. July 94-105.

6.02

(1) Propagation by seed is possible although seed is infrequently produced.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. 

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Unknown (1) However other members of the genus are pollinated by butterflies, birds and moths.

(1) Kuniyasu MOMOSE (2004). "Plant reproductive interval and population density in aseasonal tropics." Ecological Research 19(2): 245-253.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

Unknown (1) Has a moderate rate of growth.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.01

No means of attachment

 

7.02

(1) Ong Nursery in San Diego carries I. chinensis. (2) I. chinensis is an old favorite in Hawai'i. (3) I. chinensis is available at the Northern Rivers Nursery, Queensland.

(1) http://www.geocities.com/quangong2/ [Accessed 2008 Nov 7] (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (3) http://www.nrwn.com.au/Price%20List/wholesale-nursery-pricelist.htm [Accessed 2008 Nov 7].

7.03

No evidence but unlikely as is not used in the cut flower industry and fruits are berries

 

7.04

(1) Produces red berries

(1) Herklots, G.A.C. 1937. The flowering shrubs and trees of Hong Kong Part VIII. The Hong Kong Naturalist. July 94-105.

7.05

(1) Produces red berries

(1) Herklots, G.A.C. 1937. The flowering shrubs and trees of Hong Kong Part VIII. The Hong Kong Naturalist. July 94-105.

7.06

(1) Produces red berries

(1) Herklots, G.A.C. 1937. The flowering shrubs and trees of Hong Kong Part VIII. The Hong Kong Naturalist. July 94-105.

7.07

(1) No means of external attachment

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.08

(1) Produces red berries

(1) Herklots, G.A.C. 1937. The flowering shrubs and trees of Hong Kong Part VIII. The Hong Kong Naturalist. July 94-105.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown (1) Requires pruning to shape and stimulate new growth on which flower buds will appear.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

8.05

Unknown


Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!


[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]


This page created 19 June 2009