Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Impatiens wallerana (Busy Lizzy, patient Lucy)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Naturalized in Hawaii. (2)Often escaping and becoming temporarily established at high and low elevations (3)escape from cultivation, wet distiurbed sites

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Adams, C. D. 1972, Flowering plants of Jamaica. Mona, University of the West Indies. (3)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Tanzania to Mozambique (2)'Cultivated widely in the tropics and the subtropics as an ornamental.'

(1)http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/flowers/impatien.htm (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press. Portland. Oregon.

2.02

'Cultivated widely in the tropics and the subtropics as an ornamental.'

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press. Portland. Oregon.

2.03

can be grown above 5000 ft

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~kjr/flowerwebpg.html#Annuals - Seeds (Category 12)

2.04

Native to Tanzania to Mozambique.

2.05

(1) Introduced to Hawaii (2)England (3) Cultivated widely in the tropics and the subtropics as an ornamental.

(1) Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/envirohort/articles/herbaceous_plants/impatns.html (3)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press. Portland. Oregon.

3.01

(1)Naturalized in Hawaii. (2)Often escaping and becoming temporarily established at high and low elevations (3)escape from cultivation, wet distiurbed sites

(1)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2)Adams, C. D. 1972, Flowering plants of Jamaica. Mona, University of the West Indies. (3)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

I. Platpetala is a common weed in Indonesia and I. Balsamina is a common weed in Puerto Rico.

An electronic atlas of world weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1. 1997.

4.01

No evidence

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

extreme deer browse damage.

http://www.caes.state.ct.us/Bulletins/2000/b968.pdf

4.05

extreme deer browse damage.

http://www.caes.state.ct.us/Bulletins/2000/b968.pdf

4.06

(1) Phytophthora parasitica was found to be associated with I. Wallerana. (2)WFT, aphids, broad mites, TSSM, TSWV/ INSV, Pseudomonas leaf spot, Alternaria leaf spot, crown rot (Rhizoctonia solani), damping off (Pythium spp.), Botrytis stem & leaf blight

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/bpguide98/scout.html

4.07

No evidence

4.08

unlikely, moist forest, succulent stems

4.09

(1)Partial shade to shade.(2)shaded sites

(1)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/annuals/impatiens_wallerana.html (2)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

4.1

(1)Soil Requirements: Slightly acid to neutral, good garden loam rich in organic matter such as leaf mold or compost with liberal amounts of coarse sand for good drainage. (2)moist, well drained soil with added organic matter (3)Soil Type Organic (4)Light, well-drained media

(1)http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/flowers/impatien.htm (2)http://gardeninginflorida.com/impatients.htm (3)http://www.cuyamaca.net/ccbs/asandps/impatienswallerana1.asp (4)http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/hs442/PDF/Impatiens.PDF

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Succulent perennial herbs 0.3 to 1 m tall.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

The common names of impatiens, Busy Lizzy, and Touch-me-not were given because the slightest touch will cause the ripe, full seed pods to burst open and impatiently scatter their seeds into the wind.

http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/envirohort/articles/herbaceous_plants/impatns.html

6.02

'The role of light on impatiens seed germination and radicle emergence was studied. Seeds having a photodormancy require light for only part of the germination period. …'

Carpenter, WJ; Ostmark, ER; Cornell, JA Light governs the germination of Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. seed.
Hort Science : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Aug 1994. v. 29 (8) p. 854-857

6.03

Impatiens wallerana and hybrids.

http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/annuals/uses.html

6.04

No information

6.05

Attracts butterflies [relatively short nectar spu r]

http://www.ca.uky.edu/Daviess/home/hortart/hortartapr0702.html

6.06

Propagation by seed. No evidence that the species propagate naturally by vegetative fragmentation.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Balsaminaceae/Impatiens_wallerana.html

6.07

(1)It is an evergreen perennial but is often grown as an annual in nontropical climates. (2)Annual

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/i/imp_wall.cfm (2)http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/flowers/impatien.htm

7.01

Often planted along paths, seeds may be trapped in mud on shoes

7.02

(1) 'Impatiens are one of the most popular flowers for containers in partial or full shade for their prolific flowers from spring through fall. ' (2)Large showy flowers, good in hanging baskest or beds.

(1)http://www.windowbox.com/cgi-bin/floracle/plant.asp?plantId=177&001=true (2)http://www.kurtweiss.com/products/annual/impatiens.html

7.03

Fruit is an ovoid capsule 1.5 to 2.5 cm long. [dispersed with marijuana? -- is it considered a product?]

7.04

(1) '...the pods burst open at the slightest touch.' (2) Fruit opens explosively to eject the seeds.

(1)http://www.planet-pets.com/flwrimps.htm (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press. Portland. Oregon.

7.05

7.06

7.07

7.08

no evidence

8.01

seeds are very small; there are about 46,000 in a half-teaspoon (tiny seeds)

http://www.doityourself.com/flowers/impatiens.htm

8.02

impatiens seed loses its vigor rapidly, surviving for two years at most, even under ideal conditions [lab conditions]

http://www.doityourself.com/flowers/impatiens.htm

8.03

susceptible to glyphosate (over the top spray)

http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/iclt/iclt02.pdf

8.04

No pinching, No disbudding, Plants can be cut back, allow 2-3 weeks for regrowth, quality reduced

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/hs442/PDF/Impatiens.PDF

8.05

Don’t know.