Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Hymenaea courbaril


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
  Hymenea courbaril (west indian locust, locust, algarrobo, Jatoba, brazilian cherry) Answer Score
1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
1.02 Has the species become naturalized where grown? n  
1.03 Does the species have weedy races? n  
2.01 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” 2  
2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high)                 see appendix 2 2  
2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)    
2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y 1
2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?  y=-2 n  
3.01 Naturalized beyond native range         y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 n 0
3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed                              y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.03 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed                         y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.04 Environmental weed                                                     y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
3.05 Congeneric weed                                                          y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) n 0
4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0
4.02 Allelopathic n 0
4.03 Parasitic n 0
4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals    
4.05 Toxic to animals n 0
4.06 Host for recognized pests and pathogens    
4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0
4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 0
4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y 1
4.1 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y 1
4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0
4.12 Forms dense thickets n 0
5.01 Aquatic n 0
5.02 Grass n 0
5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0
5.04 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) n 0
6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n 0
6.02 Produces viable seed. y 1
6.03 Hybridizes naturally    
6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic    
6.05 Requires specialist pollinators y -1
6.06 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation n -1
6.07 Minimum generative time (years)                 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1   0
7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) y 1
7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1
7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1
7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1
7.05 Propagules water dispersed n -1
7.06 Propagules bird dispersed n -1
7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y 1
7.08 Propagules survive passage through the gut n -1
8.01 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) n -1
8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y 1
8.03 Well controlled by herbicides    
8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire    
8.05 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)    
  Total score:   0

Supporting data:

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence regarding naturalization.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)'Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) is a tree species with wide distribution through all of the Neotropics. ' (2)'Throughout West Indies from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidada and Tobago. Also from central Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil an

(1)http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1 (2)Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

2.02

2.03

No evidence regarding its environmentally versatility.

2.04

(1)'Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) is a tree species with wide distribution through all of the Neotropics. ' (2)'Throughout West Indies from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidada and Tobago. Also from central Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil an

(1)http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1 (2)Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

2.05

No evidence regarding multipe introductions.

3.01

No evidence regarding naturalization.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know.

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence regarding associated pests or pathogens.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - an evergreen forest tree with no evidence of forming dense stands.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

4.09

(1) 'Because it is found in the understorey of tropical forests, it has been considered as a shade-tolerant, late-secondary species.' (2) 'Shade is required at first if the trees are to produce straight trunk.'

(1)http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1 (2)Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

4.1

Probably yes 'Efforts to use this species for reforestation in Puerto Rico have shown it to be unadapted to degraded sites and generally of slow growth. … Scattered in forests, pastures, and along roadsides in the moist and dry coastal and limestone regio

 

4.11

A large tree.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Tree 40 m tall.

http://www.nybg.org/botany/tlobova/hequet/plant_gallery.html

5.02

5.03

No evidence

5.04

6.01

Flowering and fruiting in Puerto Rico. - 'Flowering from early spring to fall, and pods remaining on the tree a while after maturity.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

6.02

'• Background and Aims Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) is a tree species with wide distribution through all of the Neotropics. It has large seeds (approx. 5 g) with non-photosynthetic storage cotyledons rich (40 %) in a cell wall polysa

http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1

6.03

Don’t know

6.04

Don’t know

6.05

Bat pollinated.

http://www.nybg.org/botany/tlobova/hequet/plant_gallery.html

6.06

Probably not - no evidence of vegetative spread in the wild.

6.07

7.01

Probably yes - as the roots and trunk yeild pale yellow or reddish resin like gum - the seeds could potentiall stick to this and be unintenionally transported by people.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

7.02

The gum is used mainly in varnish but also for incense and local medicines. A honey plant.' [Probably yes].

 

7.03

Probably not - relatively large seeds imbedded in pulp.

7.04

The pods are thick - walled, hard, contain pockets of gum and do not open. There are few to several oblong, flattened, dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not - large seeds embedded in a thick pale yellow pu

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

7.05

Probably not - no evidene the species inhabtis waterways.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

7.06

The pods are thick - walled, hard, contain pockets of gum and do not open. There are few to several oblong, flattened, dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not -thick hard pods].

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

7.07

Probably yes - the seeds are embedded in a thick pulp inside a pod that do not open. Also the roots and trunk yield pale yellow or reddish resin like gum - the seeds could potentiall stick to an animal.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

7.08

The pods are thick - walled, hard, contain pockets of gum and do not open. There are few to several oblong, flattened, dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not -thick hard pods].

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

8.01

There are few to several oblong, flattened , dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not - relatively large seeds].

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

8.02

Probably yes - a large legume forest tree with relatively large seeds imbedded in pulp.

Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Don’t know.

8.05

Don’t know.


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This page created 24 December 2006