Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Hymenaea courbaril
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
Hymenea courbaril (west indian locust, locust, algarrobo, Jatoba, brazilian cherry) | Answer | Score | |
1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | n | |
1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | ||
2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | n | |
3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | 0 |
3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | ||
4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y | 1 |
4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | ||
6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | y | -1 |
6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 0 | |
7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | y | 1 |
7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | y | 1 |
7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | y | 1 |
8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | ||
8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
Total score: | 0 |
Supporting data:
Notes |
Reference |
|
1.01 |
No evidence |
|
1.02 |
No evidence regarding naturalization. |
|
1.03 |
No evidence |
|
2.01 |
(1)'Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) is a tree species with wide distribution through all of the Neotropics. ' (2)'Throughout West Indies from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidada and Tobago. Also from central Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil an |
(1)http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1 (2)Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
2.02 |
||
2.03 |
No evidence regarding its environmentally versatility. |
|
2.04 |
(1)'Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) is a tree species with wide distribution through all of the Neotropics. ' (2)'Throughout West Indies from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidada and Tobago. Also from central Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil an |
(1)http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1 (2)Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
2.05 |
No evidence regarding multipe introductions. |
|
3.01 |
No evidence regarding naturalization. |
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
|
3.04 |
No evidence |
|
3.05 |
No evidence |
|
4.01 |
No evidence of such structures. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
4.02 |
No evidence |
|
4.03 |
No evidence |
|
4.04 |
Don’t know. |
|
4.05 |
No evidence |
|
4.06 |
No evidence regarding associated pests or pathogens. |
|
4.07 |
No evidence |
|
4.08 |
Probably not - an evergreen forest tree with no evidence of forming dense stands. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
4.09 |
(1) 'Because it is found in the understorey of tropical forests, it has been considered as a shade-tolerant, late-secondary species.' (2) 'Shade is required at first if the trees are to produce straight trunk.' |
(1)http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1 (2)Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
4.1 |
Probably yes 'Efforts to use this species for reforestation in Puerto Rico have shown it to be unadapted to degraded sites and generally of slow growth. … Scattered in forests, pastures, and along roadsides in the moist and dry coastal and limestone regio |
|
4.11 |
A large tree. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
4.12 |
No evidence |
|
5.01 |
Tree 40 m tall. |
http://www.nybg.org/botany/tlobova/hequet/plant_gallery.html |
5.02 |
||
5.03 |
No evidence |
|
5.04 |
||
6.01 |
Flowering and fruiting in Puerto Rico. - 'Flowering from early spring to fall, and pods remaining on the tree a while after maturity. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
6.02 |
'• Background and Aims Hymenaea courbaril (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) is a tree species with wide distribution through all of the Neotropics. It has large seeds (approx. 5 g) with non-photosynthetic storage cotyledons rich (40 %) in a cell wall polysa |
http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/mch209v1 |
6.03 |
Don’t know |
|
6.04 |
Don’t know |
|
6.05 |
Bat pollinated. |
http://www.nybg.org/botany/tlobova/hequet/plant_gallery.html |
6.06 |
Probably not - no evidence of vegetative spread in the wild. |
|
6.07 |
||
7.01 |
Probably yes - as the roots and trunk yeild pale yellow or reddish resin like gum - the seeds could potentiall stick to this and be unintenionally transported by people. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
7.02 |
The gum is used mainly in varnish but also for incense and local medicines. A honey plant.' [Probably yes]. |
|
7.03 |
Probably not - relatively large seeds imbedded in pulp. |
|
7.04 |
The pods are thick - walled, hard, contain pockets of gum and do not open. There are few to several oblong, flattened, dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not - large seeds embedded in a thick pale yellow pu |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
7.05 |
Probably not - no evidene the species inhabtis waterways. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
7.06 |
The pods are thick - walled, hard, contain pockets of gum and do not open. There are few to several oblong, flattened, dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not -thick hard pods]. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
7.07 |
Probably yes - the seeds are embedded in a thick pulp inside a pod that do not open. Also the roots and trunk yield pale yellow or reddish resin like gum - the seeds could potentiall stick to an animal. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
7.08 |
The pods are thick - walled, hard, contain pockets of gum and do not open. There are few to several oblong, flattened, dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not -thick hard pods]. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
8.01 |
There are few to several oblong, flattened , dark red seeds about 1 inch long imbedded in the thick pale yellow pulp.' [Probably not - relatively large seeds]. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
8.02 |
Probably yes - a large legume forest tree with relatively large seeds imbedded in pulp. |
Little, E.L. and Wadsworth, F H. 1964. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agricultual Handbook no 249. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington D.C. Vol 1. Pg 178 |
8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
|
8.04 |
Don’t know. |
|
8.05 |
Don’t know. |
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This page created 24 December 2006