Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Hibiscus calyphyllus


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Hibiscus calyphyllus; Hibiscus calycinus, lemonyellow rosemallow

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

" in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized in low elevation dry areas on Kaua'i. "

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

Widely distributed in tropical and southern Africa and on Madagascar and the Masearene Islands

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www25.brinkster.com/gardenclub/plant80.html (2)http://www.mauiwater.org/Zone3.html (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?ssdp=01398777

(1)"Hibiscus calyphyllus is rated as hardy to Zone 10." [don't tolerate cold climate well] (2)Recommended for planting up to 3000 ft [but only naturalized at low elevations in Hawaii since 1919] (3)Specimens collected between 775 and 2000 m elevation in Africa

2.04

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

Widely distributed in tropical and southern Africa and on Madagascar and the Masearene Islands

2.05

(1)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884 (2)plantanswers.tamu.edu/publications/riograndeornamentals/shrubs.html

(1) Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized in low elevation dry areas on Kaua'i. (2)Cultivated in Rio Grande Area -- [no evidence that it is widely cultivated outside of Hawai‘i]

3.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

" in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized in low elevation dry areas on Kaua'i. "

3.02

no evidence

3.03

A Global Compendium of Weeds. Online database based on Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. R. G. & F.J. Richardson, Melbourne. 905pp.
Available at: <http://www.hear.org/gcw/index.html>

Status(es) [based on Wells, M.J.; Balsinhas, V.M., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa - A Catalogue of Problem Plants in Southern Africa incorporating The National Weed List of South Africa. ]: Weed~Native Weed.
Explanation of the statuses terms used by Randall's book:
Native weed: Species that are native to the country in which they are considered weedy. Sometimes it is difficult to determine if the species has spread outside its native range within country of origin or is weedy within its native range, as source are often state or regionally based. [could find no evidence that this plant is an economic weed in South Africa where it is native; the plant is promoted as a valuable native landscaping plant in South Africa (e.g. see question 3.04)]

3.04

http://www.durban.gov.za/environment/pdfs/MoreAliens11_14.pdf

recommended as an ALTERNATIVE to invasive Lilium formosanum in South Africa

3.05

Saltabas, A.; Zengin, H. (2001) Weed species which are problem in bean fields in Erzincan and determination of critical period for control. [FT: Erzincan ili fasulye ekim alanlarinda sorun olan yabanci otlarin tespiti ve mücadelede kritik periyotun belirlenmesi. ] Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi, 2001, Vol.4, No.2, pp.1-10, 18 ref.

AB: "The weed species with the highest infestation rates and densities were as follows; Hibiscus trionum (Venice mallow), Cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), Solanum nigrum (black night shade), Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed), Chenopodium album (green pigweed), Xanthium strumarium (hearleaf cocklebur), Chondrilla juncea (skeletonweed) and Anethum graveolens (dill). "

4.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

grows in dry environments [possible fire hazard]

4.09

4.1

4.11

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

"Perennial herbs or shrubs 1-3 m tall"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub, Malvaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

http://www25.brinkster.com/gardenclub/plant80.html

"Hibiscus calyphyllus is easy to raise from cuttings or by seed sown under glass in Spring. "

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

http://www.durban.gov.za/urbandesign/plants/results.asp

attracts insects

6.06

no evidence

6.07

7.01

no evidence

7.02

an oramental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

Capsules ellipsoid, 1.8-2.5 cm long, the valves scarious, aristate, densely stellulate pubescent. Seeds up to 3 mm long, tomentose.

7.05

no evidence

7.06

dry fruit

7.07

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

"Capsules aristate." [may be used to desperse]

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.884

Capsules ellipsoid, 1.8-2.5 cm long, the valves scarious, aristate, densely stellulate pubescent. Seeds up to 3 mm long, tomentose.[unlikely; typical hibiscus fruit]

8.02

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence


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This page updated 2 November 2005