Foeniculum vulgare Miller. Family - Apiaceae. Common Names(s) - fennel, anise, sweet fennel, aniseed, sweet anise, sweet fennel. Synonym(s) - Anethum fowniculum, Foeniculum officinale.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1.5-2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

19

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Pakistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219 [Accessed 2009 Jan. 21].

2.02

(1) Native to Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Pakistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219 [Accessed 2009 Jan. 21].

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness Zones 4-9.

(1) http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/butterflies/plants/fennel.htm [Accessed 2009 Jan 21].

2.04

(1) Naturalized in British Isles, s. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Mexico, Central America, South America, Cape Verde, & Micronesia

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219 [Accessed 2009 Jan. 21].

2.05

(1) Naturalized in British Isles, s. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Mexico, Central America, South America, Cape Verde, & Micronesia

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219 [Accessed 2009 Jan. 21].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in British Isles, s. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Mexico, Central America, South America, Cape Verde, & Micronesia

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300219 [Accessed 2009 Jan. 21].

3.02

3.03

3.04

(1) Fennel will invade areas where the soil has been disturbed and can exclude or prevent reestablishment of native plant species. It can drastically alter the composition and structure of many plant communities, including grasslands, coastal scrub, riparian, and wetland communities

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

3.05

Unknown

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, burrs.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

4.04

(1) Grazers will feed on early-season regrowth, and feral pigs will seek out and eat the roots, but mature stems are generally not used as food. Birds and rodents eat the seeds.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

4.05

No evidence in Toxnet or PubMed

4.06

Unknown

4.07

No evidence in Toxnet or PubMed

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Requires full sun. (2) It cannot grow in the shade.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/F/foen_vul.cfm [Accessed 2009 Jan 21]. (2) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Foeniculum+vulgare [Accessed 2009 Jan 21]

4.10

(1) Fennel occurs in soils with pH ranging from 4.8 to 8.3, but appears to prefer more acidic than alkaline conditions.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

4.11

(1) Perennial herb

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

4.12

(1) Develops dense uniform stands.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

5.01

(1) Perennial herb, terrestrial.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

5.02

(1) Apiaceae

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

5.03

(1) Apiaceae

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

5.04

(1) Perennial herb.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Fennel will reproduce from both root crown and seed.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

6.03

No evidence.

6.04

(1) Self-fertile.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Foeniculum+vulgare [Accessed 2009 Jan 21].

6.05

(1) Pollinated by insects.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Foeniculum+vulgare [Accessed 2009 Jan 21].

6.06

(1) Fennel will reproduce from both root crown and seed.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

6.07

(1) Flower production generally begins when individuals are eighteen to twenty-four months old.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

7.01

(1) Seeds are dispersed by water and on vehicles and clothing.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

7.02

(1) Seeds used for medicinal and culinary dishes. (2) Commonly cultivated in the Americas and Europe.

(1) http://www.viable-herbal.com/herbdesc1/1fennel.htm [Accessed 2009 Jan 22]. (2) http://www.holisticonline.com/Herbal-Med/_Herbs/h55.htm [Accessed 2009 Jan 22].

7.03

(1) Means of dispersal include agricultural product contaminant.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/foenvulg.html [Accessed 2009 Jan 21].

7.04

(1) Dispersal of the seeds by water is of considerable importance and accounts for the occurrence of Foeniculum vulgare along watercourses. Other means of dispersal include vehicles, machinery, wool, animal skins, clothing, mud, and agricultural produce

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/foenvulg.html [Accessed 2009 Jan 21].

7.05

(1) Seeds are dispersed by water and on vehicles and clothing.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

7.06

(1) Birds and rodents eat the seeds and may disperse them as well.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

7.07

(1) Means of dispersal include wool, animal skins.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/foenvulg.html [Accessed 2009 Jan 21].

7.08

(1) Birds and rodents eat the seeds and may disperse them as well. (2) Seeds are dispersed by birds and rodents.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA (2) http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=197414 [Accessed 2009 Jan 21].

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1) Because of its prolific seed production and seed viability, a long-lived seedbank can build up rapidly. Seeds may persist in soil for several years without germinating.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

8.03

(1) Brenton and Klinger (1994 and in review) found that 95 to 100 percent kill was achieved when amine and ester formulations of triclopyr (Garlon 3A® and Garlon4®, respectively) were applied to fennel in early spring at rates of 6 lbs/100 gallons water (1 lb active ingredient/acre) on Santa Cruz Island.

(1) Klinger, R. 2000. Foeniculum vulgare. pp. 198-202 in Bossard, C. C., J.M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA

8.04

(1) F. vulgare recovers rapidly from cutting and begins to replenish its root energy supplies.

No biological controls agents for fennel are known.

8.05

(1) No biological controls agents for fennel are known.

No biological controls agents for fennel are known.