Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Flemingia strobilifera; wildhops

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

"Flemingia strobilifera (luck plant) was seen on Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava‘u and Lifuka/Foa. This species is a prolific seed producer and can form dense thickets. It is invasive in French Polynesia and Hawai‘i and is beginning to naturalize in Tonga. It has the potential to become a serious problem. "

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Asia: Bhutan, [China] Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Oceania: Papua New Guinea

2.02

2.03

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

[tropical to subtropical in distribution]; low elevation

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Asia: Bhutan, [China] Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Oceania: Papua New Guinea

2.05

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

Presence other than native range:
Pacific islands: Cook Islands (Rarotonga, ‘Atiu (cult.)), Federated States of Micronesia (Yap), French Polynesia (Nuku Hiva, Raiatea, Tahaa, Taravao), Guam, Hawai'i, New Caledonia, Palau (Babeldaob, Koror, Ngarakabesang), Papua New Guinea (native), Samoa (Upolu), Tonga (Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava’u, Lifuka/Foa).
Indian Ocean islands: Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles
Elsewhere: Jamaica

3.01

(1)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> (2)http://www.wow.net/ttfnc/livworld/Papers/McCleanMonument/RevegMcCleanMon.html

(1)"Flemingia strobilifera (luck plant) was seen on Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava‘u and Lifuka/Foa. This species is a prolific seed producer and can form dense thickets. It is invasive in French Polynesia and Hawai‘i and is beginning to naturalize in Tonga. It has the potential to become a serious problem. " (2)Naturalized in Trinidad and Tobago

3.02

no evidence

3.03

(1) Holm et al. A Geographic Atlas of World Weeds. (2)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

(1)Prinicple weed of trinidad (2)"Habitat/ecology: Abandoned pastures and other disturbed areas"

3.04

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

"Flemingia strobilifera (luck plant) was seen on Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava‘u and Lifuka/Foa. This species is a prolific seed producer and can form dense thickets. It is invasive in French Polynesia and Hawai‘i and is beginning to naturalize in Tonga. It has the potential to become a serious problem. " [potential]

3.05

no evidence

4.01

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

personal observation

no evidence of being used as a fodder as many nitrogen fixing woody plants, may due to the hard, corase texture of its leaves; F. mmacrophylla is an excellent fodder.

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Sharma, S. B.; Nene, Y. L. (1985) Additions to host range of pigeonpea cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani. International Pigeonpea Newsletter, 1985, No.4, p.42, 2 ref.

AB: Species of Atylosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Rhynchosia were tested for their susceptibility to Heterodera cajani. All were found to be susceptible to varying degrees.  [fungal disease of peas]

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> (2)http://www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/s_sheets/tamil_na/0196v.html

(1)"Habitat/ecology: Abandoned pastures and other disturbed areas" (2)found as undergrowth of tropical forest

4.1

http://ultra6.rz.uni-hohenheim.de/i3ve/00217110/00256041.htm

found on red clay soils

4.11

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

"shrub to 2 m tall."

4.12

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

often forming thickets

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Fabaceae

5.03

http://www.cabi-publishing.org/Bookshop/ReadingRoom/0851994172/0851994172Ch12.pdf

p.266. "Flemingia is effectively nodulated by Bradyrhyzobium strains."

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

Propagation: Seed.

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

pea flower = bees

6.06

no evidence

6.07

don't know

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp.

used as an ornamental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

http://www.hear.org/pier/flstr.htm

pods oblong, inflated, 6-14 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, dehiscent, the valves twisting; seeds 2, ovoid, 3 mm long, brown-black with red mottling [no adaptations for wind]

7.05

no evidence of abundance near waterways

7.06

http://www.wow.net/ttfnc/livworld/Papers/McCleanMonument/RevegMcCleanMon.html

Flemingia was something of a surprise. It is an introduced plant that has become naturalised, but it has no obvious means of dispersal and we wondered how it could have got to this site so quickly. [red mottling on seeds might attract birds? Mimetic seeds?]

7.07

no evidence of means of external attachment

7.08

possibly -- it is a legume

8.01

USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

inflorescence to ca 15 cm long; pedicels 2-3 mm long; flowers 1 or 2 per node, the bracts obovate to cordate, 1-2 cm long, 8-12 mm wide, papery, persistent, enclosing the flowers; calyx 4-5 mm long; petals creamy, light yellow, or p;inkish to purple; banner orbicular, 5-6 mm long, 7-8 mm wide, slightly clawed; pods oblong, inflated, 6-14 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, dehiscent, the valves twisting; seeds 2, ovoid, 3 mm long, brown-black with red mottling." (Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. p. 152.) [although only 2 seeds per pod, one inflorescence may produce 20-30 flower; probably less than 1000 / m2]

8.02

possibly -- it is a legume

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence