Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus tereticornis; forest red gum

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.959 2)http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/plantnames/ 3) Ovens, S.J. 1997. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. Department of Conservation, Wellington NZ 4) Sykes and Jones. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch, NZ

"in Hawaii extensively planted in Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii, and regenerateing from seed at least within or near the plantation" 2)classified as naturalized along with 22 other species of Eucalyptus! but all widely planted forestry species were given this classification in the NZ database. Evidence is dubious. 3)No Eucalyptus spp. were listed as concerns in natural areas, again suggesting that naturalization in NZ is questionable 4)Flora of New Zealand list the species as "regenerating in and around plantations"

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Natural latitude range:
Approximate limits north to south: 9S to 38S
Review of natural distribution:
Eucalyptus tereticornis has the most extensive latitudinal range (9-38S) of any species in the genus. It occurs along the coast and on adjacent hills and plains of eastern Australia from eastern Victoria in the south to about Cooktown in far northern Queensland. Most populations occur within 100 km of the sea but the distribution extends further inland in Queensland; near Roma, Alpha, Charters Towers and Mt Surprise. Eucalyptus tereticornis also occurs naturally in Papua New Guinea.

2.02

2.03

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2)http://pppis.fao.org/

Natural latitude range:
Approximate limits north to south: 9S to 38S
Review of natural distribution:
Eucalyptus tereticornis has the most extensive latitudinal range (9-38S) of any species in the genus. It occurs along the coast and on adjacent hills and plains of eastern Australia from eastern Victoria in the south to about Cooktown in far northern Queensland. Most populations occur within 100 km of the sea but the distribution extends further inland in Queensland; near Roma, Alpha, Charters Towers and Mt Surprise. Eucalyptus tereticornis also occurs naturally in Papua New Guinea.
Descriptors
- Altitude range: 0 - 1000 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 500 - 3000 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer; winter; bimodal; uniform
- Dry season duration: 0 - 8 months
- Mean annual temperature: 10 - 27慢
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 22 - 42慢
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: -2 - 19慢
- Absolute minimum temperature: > -8慢 2)can be found at elevations between sea level and 1800 m.

2.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Natural latitude range:
Approximate limits north to south: 9S to 38S
Review of natural distribution:
Eucalyptus tereticornis has the most extensive latitudinal range (9-38S) of any species in the genus. It occurs along the coast and on adjacent hills and plains of eastern Australia from eastern Victoria in the south to about Cooktown in far northern Queensland. Most populations occur within 100 km of the sea but the distribution extends further inland in Queensland; near Roma, Alpha, Charters Towers and Mt Surprise. Eucalyptus tereticornis also occurs naturally in Papua New Guinea.
Descriptors
- Altitude range: 0 - 1000 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 500 - 3000 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer; winter; bimodal; uniform
- Dry season duration: 0 - 8 months
- Mean annual temperature: 10 - 27慢
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 22 - 42慢
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: -2 - 19慢
- Absolute minimum temperature: > -8慢 2)can be found at elevations between sea level and 1800 m.

2.05

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Location of introductions
Eucalyptus tereticornis was one of the earliest eucalypts exported as seed from Australia to various countries from the late nineteenth century, e.g. Pakistan in 1867, Ethiopia 1895, Zimbabwe 1900, Philippines 1910, Uganda 1912 (Zacharin, 1978; Jacobs, 1981). Many of the early introductions into other countries were derived from very few original trees.
Eucalyptus was introduced into India in the Nandi Hills probably some time between 1782 and 1802 (Tewari, 1992; Negi and Sharma, 1996). The popular 'Mysore hybrid' (also called 'E. hybrid', 'Mysore gum' or 'eucalypt hybrid') is believed to be derived from one small stand in the Nandi Hills (Pryor, 1966; Chaturvedi, 1976). 'Mysore hybrid' is thought to be mainly E. tereticornis with only occasional evidence of hybridization or admixture with other species, notably E. robusta (Pryor, 1966) and E. camaldulensis (Boland, 1981).
In West Africa and southern China, a widely planted land race of E. tereticornis designated E. '12ABL' appear

3.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.959 2)http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/plantnames/ 3) Ovens, S.J. 1997. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. Department of Conservation, Wellington NZ 4) Webb, Sykes and Garnock-Jones. 1988. Flora of New Zealand. volume IV Botany Division DSIR, Christchurch, NZ

"in Hawaii extensively planted in Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii, and regenerateing from seed at least within or near the plantation" 2)classified as naturalized along with 22 other species of Eucalyptus! but all widely planted forestry species were given this classification in the NZ database. Evidence is dubious. 3)No Eucalyptus spp. were listed as concerns in natural areas, again suggesting that naturalization in NZ is questionable 4)Flora of New Zealand list the species as "regenerating in and around plantations"

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/list/e.htm

no evidence.Listed at : http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/list/e.htm, a list of putative problem plants, but reference is given as "?" and region also listed as "?". To date, this list has been notoriously unreliable because of the manner in which is was compiled (additions can be made by anyone without review)

3.05

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

4.01

Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1993) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(1) Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. 711 pp. Page 185

these traits are not decribed

4.02

1) Workneh Andarge; Bhardwaj, S. D.; Pankaj Panwar 2000,Forest notes and observations. Allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus - a myth. Indian Forester, Vol.126, No.7, pp.801-802 2)Puri, S.; Khara, A.1991. Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus tereticornis on Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings.The International tree crops journal v. 6 (4): p. 287-293.

1)n order to demonstrate that Eucalyptus does not have allelopathic effects on the ground vegetation, observations were made on the ground flora (shrub and grass biomass) in 12-yr-old high-density fuel plantations of E. tereticornis in [Himachal Pradesh] India. Stand spacings were 60 x 60, 90 x 90 and 120 x 120 cm. Shrub biomass ranged from 72.3 quintals/ha [1 quintal = 100 kg] in the highest density plantation to 97.7 quintals/ha in the lowest density stand; equivalent figures for grass biomass rangedfrom 1.12 to 1.69 quintals/ha; these values were not significantly different between stands. 2)Lab extracts only

4.03

Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1993) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(1) Timber trees: Major commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. 711 pp. Page 185

no evidence

4.04

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

it is promoted as a species that can withstand planting in areas of high cattle densities, precisely because it is unpalatable.

4.05

no evidence

4.06

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

All are generalists of or little concern in the Pacific -- Pests recorded
Insect pests:
Acanthococcus confusus [1]
Acanthococcus coriaceus [1]
Adoretus versutus [2]
Agrotera amathealis [1]
Anoplognathus [1]
Atta sexdens rubropilosa [3]
Cardiaspina [1]
Cerosterna scabrator [4]
Chrysophtharta [1]
Ctenomorphodes tessulatus [1]
Gonipterus [1]
Lyctus [5]
Oxyodes [1]
Paropsis [1]
Pergagrapta [1]
Perga [1]
Pseudoperga [1]
Repsimus aeneus [1]
Uraba lugens [1]
Fungus diseases:
Calonectria quinqueseptata
Cephaleuros virescens
Coniella castaenicola
Corticium salmonicolor
Cryphonectria cubensis [6]
Cylindrocladium
Cytospora eucalypticola [6]
Ganoderma lucidum
Glomerella cingulata
Mycosphaerella mori
Pestalotia disseminata
Pestalotiopsis versicolor
Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum
Robillarda sessilis
Thanatephorus cucumeris [7]
----------------
Footnotes:
1. Australia
2. Tamil Nadu, India, one clone of E. tereticornis was severely defoliated, while other clones were relatively unscathed.
3. Brazil
4. India, pest of young p

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"As with other species in the genus, E. tereticornis is intolerant of shade and does not compete well with grasses for water and nutrients. In India, the usual practice is to carry out three weedings in the first year, two in the second year and one in the third year during the rainy season (Tewari, 1992)."

4.1

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Soil and physiography
Alluvial flats subject to flooding are preferred by this species in low rainfall regions. In higher rainfall areas it grows on the lower slopes of hillsides and extends to mountain slopes and hillsides. Soils include rich alluvials, sandy or gravelly loams and seasonally waterlogged clays in forested wetlands (Boland et al., 1984; Stanley and Ross, 1986; Specht, 1990). A neutral or slightly acid pH is preferred (Marcar et al., 1995).
As an exotic E. tereticornis appears to grow best on well-drained, fairly light-textured soils in areas receiving an annual rainfall of over 800 mm. In Argentina it is grown on alluvial moderately well-drained soils in an area of high summer temperatures and an annual rainfall of less than 500 mm (Kram, 1967). It is also recommended for heavy clay soils in particular climatic regions of Argentina (Dalla Tea and Marco, 1996). In Puerto Rico it is suitable for valleys in the dry limestone region (Wadsworth, 1948). It is also grown in sandy well-drained soils

4.11

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

A medium-sized to tall forest tree attaining 20-50 m in height and up to 2 m in diameter.

4.12

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Eucalyptus tereticornis usually occurs in open forest or as scattered trees on alluvial flats.

5.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

A medium-sized to tall forest tree attaining 20-50 m in height and up to 2 m in diameter.

5.02

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

A medium-sized to tall forest tree attaining 20-50 m in height and up to 2 m in diameter.

5.03

no evidence

5.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

A medium-sized to tall forest tree attaining 20-50 m in height and up to 2 m in diameter.

6.01

no evidence

6.02

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Eucalyptus tereticornis is usually propagated from seed."

6.03

http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/eucalyptus/grandis.htm

A few seed orchard trees and scattered offspring displayrecognizable admixtures of traits from E. robusta, E. tereticornis, and E. camaldulensis. Given synchronous flowering andproximity, rose gum can hybridize with many eucalyptus species. Some of the resultant F1, hybrids are superior to either parent species for certain exotic forest environments, but F2 and later generations show classic segregation and hybrid breakdown. F,hybrids between E. grandis and E. tereticornis seem especially promising in India (43) and Zambia (16).

6.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Eucalypts have hermaphrodite, protandrous flowers and are pollinated by insects or birds (Griffin, 1989). They reproduce by a mixed mating system, with both outcrossing and selfing (Moran and Bell, 1983; Moran, 1992).

6.05

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

The pollen of E. tereticornis is loose and nonsticky suggesting that wind pollination may be possible in this species as an adjunct to distribution by regular pollen vectors such as bees (Pryor, 1976; Jacobs, 1981).

6.06

no evidence

6.07

7.01

no evidence

7.02

planted for wood and essential oil

7.03

no evidence

7.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Turnbull JW, Doran JC, 1987. Seed development and germination in the Myrtaceae. In: Langkamp, P. ed. Germination of Australian native plant seed. Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press, 46-57.]

[produce vary small seeds; 642 seeds/gram]"There are an average of 642,000 viable seed per kilogram of seed and chaff mix (Turnbull and Doran, 1987). " -- dried capsules are dehiscent on tree

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. [Turnbull JW, Doran JC, 1987. Seed development and germination in the Myrtaceae. In: Langkamp, P. ed. Germination of Australian native plant seed. Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press, 46-57.]

[produce vary small seeds; 642 seeds/gram]"There are an average of 642,000 viable seed per kilogram of seed and chaff mix (Turnbull and Doran, 1987). "

8.02

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

No pre-sowing treatment is required. Rapid and complete germination is achieved under moist, warm (25- 30 or 35 Celcieus deree optimal in the laboratory) conditions in the presence of light. Germination is epigeal. Viability of seed stored dry (5-8% moisture content) in air-tight containers in the refrigerator (3-5 Celcieus deree) will be maintained for more than 10 years (Boland et al., 1980).

8.03

http://www.woodycrops.org/mechconf/mcnabb.html

Glyphosate is applied prior to planting to kill existing vegetation including stump sprouts from a previous Eucalyptus rotation

8.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2)http://pppis.fao.org/

"It is also relatively fire-resistant." 2)Can be grown on 6-10 years coppice rotations.

8.05

no evidence