Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Eucalyptus salubris


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -3


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus salubris F. Muell. (syn. E. salubris F. Muell. var. glauca Maiden) ; gimlet

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

List of countries with natural populations [Australia] Western Australia

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

"At Mullewa near its extreme north of distribution, the extreme summer temperature is 47.3 degree C with an average 48 days over 37.8 degree C, and a winter extreme of -1.4 degree C with an average of 2-3 frosts."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79

2.03

(1)"At Mullewa near its extreme north of distribution, the extreme summer temperature is 47.3 degree C with an average 48 days over 37.8 degree C, and a winter extreme of -1.4 degree C with an average of 2-3 frosts." (2)will suffer if overwatered, USDA Zone 9 (3)desert or arid (Bw), steppe or semiarid (Bs)

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79 (2)http://www.mswn.com/MSWNmasterplantlist%20E.htm (3)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

2.04

Western Australia

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79

2.05

"Overseas it have been introduced in trials in Cyprus, Ghana, India, Kenya, South Africa, South Rodesia and Zanzibar"

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.80

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

4.01

no description of these traits

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79

4.02

Tends to kill most plant life below the tree [could be heavy shade?]

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_salubris.htm

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Chemical propertis of Eucalyptus deter browsers

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

sun

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_salubris.htm

4.1

(1)"It grows in sandy loam to clayed soil" (2)Does best in heavy clay and alkaline soils (3)heavy dry soils (4)Loam, clay [does not seem to tolerate sandy soils]

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79 (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_salubris.htm (3)http://www.downunderontop.com/plantlist.htm (4)http://www.aoi.com.au/atcros/A1231P2.htm

4.11

tree

4.12

(1) Fig.2 "Five year old Gimlet regeneration east of Hyden. Eucalyptus salubris and more than twenty other pioneer plant species at a density of about 35,000 stems per hectare" [The picture show dense covering of small trees]
(2) "Often, gimlet forms small, pure stands."

(1) http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/environment/nature/pioneer_plants.htm
(2) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79-80

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree, Myrtaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

with natural regeneration

http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/environment/nature/pioneer_plants.htm

6.02

"seed should germinate in ten days to three weeks." (2)Cultivated seedling (measured at ca node 10): cotyledons Y-shaped (bisected); stems squared in cross-section, smooth or slightly warty; leaves always petiolate, opposite for ca 5 nodes then alternate, lanceolate, 7.5-10.5 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, dull, grey-green.

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.80 (2)http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/Euclid/sample/html/SALUBR.htm

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

"The stamens are creamy."; "Gimlet produces abundant pollen and produces a honey flow."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79-80

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)slow-growing, smaller tree, growing to about 20-25 feet (2)A small to medium sized tree up to 8-25 mHeartwood pale brown, dense and strong [minimum estimate, based on slow growth, dense wood and medium size]

(1)http://www.mswn.com/MSWNmasterplantlist%20E.htm (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

7.01

It is used effectively in street-planting in Kalgoorlie"; "Six samples gave a average of 264 viable seeds per gram of fertle and sterile seed" [may used as street tree, with minute seeds but no means of attachment]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79-80

7.02

It is used effectively in street-planting in Kalgoorlie" (2)Formerly used for minor construction and as firewood in the Goldfields. It produces a light amber honey. Sometimes E. salubris is grown as an ornamental for its colourful bark.

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.80 (2)http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/Euclid/sample/html/SALUBR.htm

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"Six samples gave a average of 264 viable seeds per gram of fertle and sterile seed" [minute seeds] (2)Photo of capsules with seeds - seems like dispersal is by either gravity or wind.

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79-80 (2)http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/Euclid/sample/html/SALUBR.htm

7.05

no evidence

7.06

dry fruit

7.07

no evidence of any means of attachment of seeds

7.08

no evidence of being ingested

8.01

"Six samples gave an average of 264 viable seeds per gram of fertle and sterile seed." [small-sized seed] (2)Seed pale to dark brown, 1-2 mm long, ovoid or flattened-ovoid sometimes polygonal in outline, dorsal surface deeply, narrowly and closely fissured, margin ragged, hilum ventral.

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.79 (2)http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/Euclid/sample/html/SALUBR.htm

8.02

(1) "seed should germinate in one to three weeks"
(2) p.54 "Eucalypt seed which will remain viable only a short time in soil, probably no more than 6-12 month."; "The seed of euclypt is normally released from its woody capsule at the end of a seasonally dry period. Afire which scorcheds the crown of a eucalypt but does not burn the capsules may trigger a near total release of seed from a mature capsule crop soon after the fire." [characteristics of the genus]

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.84
(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

8.03

no evidence of being controled

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence


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