Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Eucalyptus pellita
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 3 (low risk based on second screen)
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Eucalyptus pellita (red mahogany) - Myrtaceae - | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | n | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | y | 1 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y | 1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | y | 1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 2 | 0 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | ||
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 3 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | No evidence | |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | List of countries with natural populations- Asia, [Indonesia], Irian Jaya, Oceania, Australia, Queensland, Papua New Guinea.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.02 | List of countries with natural populations- Asia, [Indonesia], Irian Jaya, Oceania, Australia, Queensland, Papua New Guinea.' Introduced to several countries including Africa, North and South America, India and Chinia. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.03 |
(1)Adaptable to a range of environmental conditions. - Altitude range: 0 -
800 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 3000 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; bimodal; uniform - Dry season duration: 0 - 5 months - Mean annual temperature: 19 - 29ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 24 - 38ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 10 - 19ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > 0ºC |
CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.04 | List of countries with natural populations- Asia, [Indonesia], Irian Jaya, Oceania, Australia, Queensland, Papua New Guinea.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 2.05 | Introduced to several countries including Africa, North and South America, India and Chinia. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 3.01 | No evidence | |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | No evidence | |
| 3.05 | Severa Eucalyptus species such as E. populnea,E. pilularis, E. ferruginear and E. cambageana are listed as principal weeds in Australia. | An electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Species. CD ROM version 1. 1997. Based on the original work 'A Geographical Atlas of Weeds' by Holm et al. |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence |
http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/pp_home.cgi?name= Eucalyptus+pellita&submit=Submit+Query&search=all |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | No evidence | |
| 4.06 |
'Pests recorded - Fungus diseases: -Cylindrocladium [1]. Bacterial
diseases: Ralstonia solanacearum. (2) 'Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar
2 is a bacterial pathogen not known to occur in the US. It causes a wilt
disease in several important agricultural crops such as potatoes, tomatoes,
peppers and eggplant. The disease it causes is known as Southern wilt,
bacterial wilt, and brown rot of potato. Introductions in greenhouse production geraniums occurred in several states in 2003, introduced from Kenya, and 2004, introduced from Guatemala, which were subsequently eradicated. APHIS requires that all geraniums imported from countries with Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2, must be certified as tested and found free of the bacterium and meeting production facility sanitation requirements. For more information, look for the document, “Minimum Sanitation Protocols for Offshore Geranium Cutting”, to be posted to this website. Additionally, a program review and planning meeting was sponsored by PPQ in Riverdale, Maryland in June of 2003. A record of that meeting appears on this website.' |
(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/ralstonia/background.html |
| 4.07 | No evidence | |
| 4.08 | 'Plantations should be protected from fire. The species has thick bark and established saplings can therefore survive ground fires of low intensity. In the natural forests, mature trees can recover from crown fires of moderate intensity, although these may cause fire-scars in the main stem.' [Probably not - tall tree with thick bark that can resist fires - unlikely to carry fire]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.09 | (1) 'In its natural habitat, E. pellita is found in open forest formation with a large number of other Eucalyptus species … ' (2) '...The seven species planted, which ranged from shade-intolerant to shade-tolerant species, were Eucalyptus pellita, Grevillia baileyana [Grevillea baileyana], Toona australis [T. ciliata], Flindersia bourjotiana, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia pimenteliana and Cardwellia sublimis. ...' |
(1)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/ AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=802 (2)Establishment of mixed rainforest species on degraded land -- a case study from the coastal lowlands of northeastern Australia . By: Applegate, G. B.; Journal of Tropical Forest Science 7 (1), 1994, p.8-17 (Conference paper) (Journal article) |
| 4.1 |
'Soils vary widely, from shallow, infertile sands on sandstone ridges to
shallow sandy podzols and deep forest loams. In Papua New Guinea and Irian
Jaya, it occurs on brown and red-brown sandy loams and clay loams. In Irian
Jaya the soils are deep, well-drained acidic (pH 5) clay-loam podsols
derived from laterites.' - Soil types: ferralsols; lateritic soils; podzols;
podzoluvisols; tropical soils; ultisols; sandy soils; red soils - Soil types: ferralsols; lateritic soils; podzols; podzoluvisols; tropical soils; ultisols; sandy soils; red soils |
CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.11 | Not a climber - a medium sized tree upto 40 m in height. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 4.12 | No evidence | |
| 5.01 | 'Eucalyptus pellita is a medium-sized to tall tree up to 40 m in height and 1 m in diameter. ' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 5.02 | 'Eucalyptus pellita is a medium-sized to tall tree up to 40 m in height and 1 m in diameter. ' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 5.03 | No evidence | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 5.04 | 'Eucalyptus pellita is a medium-sized to tall tree up to 40 m in height and 1 m in diameter. ' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.01 | In the species' natural range in north Queensland, flowering occurs over the period January-April and seed is mature by around September-December. In environments with a short dry season, planted trees commence flowering within 18-24 months, and given suitable climates and soils, most trees in a planted stand thinned to a wide spacing (200 stems/ha) flower and set seed within 4 years.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.02 | 'Propagation by seed is the easiest method.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.03 | 'n their review of interspecific hybrids in Eucalyptus, Griffin et al., (1988) note records of the following natural hybrids involving E. pellita and other species in the subgenus Symphyomyrtus : E. pellita x E. resinifera, E. grandis x E. pellita and E. brassiana x E. pellita. Natural hybrids between E. pellita and E. brassiana have been observed in Western Province, Papua New Guinea and Cape York, Queensland, where the two species co-occur (CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre, unpublished). Occasional hybrids with E. brassiana are also evident in E. pellita progeny trials testing PNG and Cape York provenances in northern Australia, Sabah and Java, Indonesia. They are distinguished from E. pellita by their dull grey-green coloured, longer, narrower, pendant leaves, and their narrower crowns and light grey, smooth bark. Some of these hybrids in progeny trials in northern Australia and Java, display good form and vigour, equalling that of the best pure E. pellita individuals. Figueredo Luz et al. (1996) note the occurrence of hybrids of E. pellita with E. tereticornis and E. grandis in Brazil, which grew better than the parent species on sandy soils.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.04 | 'E. pellita is monoecious, and flowers are bisexual and protandrous. The species displays a mixed mating system. House and Bell (1996) obtained multi-locus estimates of population outcrossing rate, t, from isozyme studies of the progenies of ten-tree seed collections from each of three natural populations, as follows: Bupul-Muting in Irian Jaya (t = 0.49 ± 0.08), Lankelly Creek in Cape York, Queensland (t = 0.45 ± 0.06) and Kuranda, Queensland (t = 0.73 ± 0.05). This indicates that over 50% of the seeds from some natural provenances are produced by self-fertilisation or matings between very close relatives, and thus are inbred. The Bupul-Muting and Lankelly Creek outcrossing rates were considerably lower than published values for other eucalypt species (mean of t = 0.74 across 12 eucalypt species, Eldridge et al., 1993). ' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.05 | 'Bees, other insects, and perhaps birds, which are attracted to the nectar of the flowers are the main pollinating agents.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 6.06 | No evidence regarding spread by vegetative means. | |
| 6.07 | In the species' natural range in north Queensland, flowering occurs over the period January-April and seed is mature by around September-December. In environments with a short dry season, planted trees commence flowering within 18-24 months, and given suitable climates and soils, most trees in a planted stand thinned to a wide spacing (200 stems/ha) flower and set seed within 4 years.' | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.01 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.02 | Product - wood, non-wood product - honey. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.03 | Probably not - no evidence that the species grows near | |
| 7.04 | Probably yes - tall tree, woody capsule ecloses several small seeds. | |
| 7.05 | Probably not - fruit is a capsule enclosed by a woody hypanthium. No evidence that this species inhabits waterways. | |
| 7.06 | Probably not - fruit is a capsule enclosed by a woody hypanthium. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 7.07 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.08 | Probably not - no evidence regarding ingestion by animals. | |
| 8.01 | Fruits sessile or shortly pedicellate, hemispherical to obconical, often slightly ribbed, 7-14 x 7-17 mm; disc broad, more or less level; valves usually 4, exserted; operculum scar prominent (usually broader than disk), concave. [No evidence of seed size that would allow to estimate seed output]. |
(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford,
UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/ AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=802 |
| 8.02 | - Seed storage orthodox- 'The seed can be stored at moderate temperatures (around 20°C) for several years without losing viability, provided low moisture content (less than 6%) is maintained. Longevity is greatly reduced if seed is stored in hot, humid environments.' [No evidence of seed vialbillity under natural conditions]. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 8.03 | No evidence of the species being controlled. | |
| 8.04 | 'Plantations should be protected from fire. The species has thick bark and established saplings can therefore survive ground fires of low intensity. In the natural forests, mature trees can recover from crown fires of moderate intensity, although these may cause fire-scars in the main stem.' Also suited for coppicing. | CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. |
| 8.05 | Don’t know. |
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