Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Eucalyptus gardneri


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Eucalyptus gardneri Maiden; blue mallet
synonym: E. redunca Schau. var. oxymitra Maiden

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

32-34 dergree S.

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551pp. p.365

2.02

2.03

(1)"The average annual rainfall for this area is 13-20 inch. The extreme summer temperature is 112 degree F at Katanning, with an average of six days over 100 degree F. Frost vary from an average of seven at Narrogin to twenty at Katanning where the extreme minimum is 25 degree F." (2)USDA Zone 9 (3)Drought tolerant

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73 (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_gardeneri.htm (3)http://www.nativenursery.com.au/Eucalypt.html

2.04

32-34 dergree S.

Penfold, A. R. & J.L. Willis (1961) The eucalypts: botany, cultivation, chemistry, and utilization. Interscience Publishers , London, L. Hill; New York 1961. 551pp. p.365

2.05

"It has been used as a shade tree at Kargoolie, and has been cultivated in Adelaide, Canberra, and in semi arid New South Wales."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Bacon, P. (Project coordinator) (1997) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species.Version 1.0 May 1997. (Based on the original work "Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc." )

E. campageana, E. ferruginea, E. gracilis, E. marginata, E. miniata, e. pilularis, E. populnea, and E. tetradonta were listed as principal weeds in Australia (native habitat)

4.01

no description of these traits

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.72

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Chemical properties of Eucalyptus deter grazing

http://www.ganesha.co.uk/Articles/Eucalyptus.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

(1)multi stemmed tree (2)Eucalyptus forerst and are known for flammability, although the litters are flamable, climate and understory species also attribute to the fire.

(1)http://www.aoi.com.au/atcros/A1231P2.htm (2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

4.09

(1)full sun (2) Full sun

(1)http://www.nativenursery.com.au/Eucalypt.html (2)http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_gardeneri.htm

4.1

(1) "It mostly grows in gravelly or sandy loam on small rises"; "adaptable to many types of soils."
(2) p.59 "in laterictic soil, often on slopes, the blue mallet also grow in sandy or loamy soils." (2)Clay, Sandy,Acidic & Water Logged

(1) Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73
(2) Kelly, Stan. (1969) Eucalypts. Text by G. M. Chippendale and R. D. Johnston. Nelson, Melbourne 1969. 82pp. (3)http://www.nativenursery.com.au/Eucalypt.html

4.11

"The blue mallet is a tree, mostly 20-30 ft high with a straight trunk and bushy crown."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.72

4.12

"E. gardneri, in the young stage, may occurrin thicket, associated with brown mallet."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Myrtaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

produce viable seeds

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73

6.02

"seeds should germinate in from one to three weeks."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73

6.03

no evidence

6.04

"Flowers pollinated with additional cross-pollen (56%) matured significantly more fruit than both self-pollen (21%) and natural pollination (30%)." [self-compatible, but outcrossing has better fruit set]

http://www.aibiol.org.au/abstracts/honours/1999/anthony_freebairn.html

6.05

"Honeyeater (bird) visitation to E. gardneri during October was high (19 visits/hour) and was greatest in the morning when pollen accumulation on flowers was highest. Honeyeaters preferentially foraged in the upper canopies of both E. gardneri and E. platypus (observed in December 1998), although bout lengths did not vary significantly between canopy heights. Preference for upper parts of trees was not explained by the distribution of flowers or nectar production, which ranged from 0.44 to 3.17mg sucrose/day/flower in the upper canopy and 0.33 to 3.65mg sucrose/day/flower in the lower canopy.
Pollen-limitation in E. gardneri appears to be caused by low access to pollen, rather than poor pollinator service. Conspecifics are planted too far apart to disperse pollen effectively. Variation in the response to additional cross-pollination suggests that both the quality of pollen and also the timing of pollination will affect the ability of flowers to set seed." [pollinated by birds]

http://www.aibiol.org.au/abstracts/honours/1999/anthony_freebairn.html

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Growth Rate:Moderate to quick [minimum for a smal tree]

http://www.australiaplants.com/Eucalyptus_gardeneri.htm

7.01

no evidence

7.02

"It has been used as a shade tree at Kargoolie, and has been cultivated in Adelaide, Canberra, and in semi arid New South Wales."

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"The fertile seeds are light brown, smooth, rounded or oval, about 1 mm in diameter. Four samples had an average of 140 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seed." [probably yes, small seeds]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73

7.05

no evidence

7.06

woody fruit

7.07

no known means of attachment

7.08

no evidence of consumption

8.01

"The fertile seeds are light brown, smooth, rounded or oval, about 1 mm in diameter. Four samples had an average of 140 viable seeds per gram of fertile and sterile seed." [probably yes, small seeds]

Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt) / [by] G. M. Chippendale. Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73

8.02

(1)"seeds should germinate in from one to three weeks."
(2) p.54 "Eucalypt seed which will remain viable only a short time in soil, probably no more than 6-12 month."; "The seed of euclypt is normally released from its woody capsule at the end of a seasonally dry period. Afire which scorcheds the crown of a eucalypt but does not burn the capsules may trigger a near total release of seed from a mature capsule crop soon after the fire." [characteristics of the genus]

(1)Chippendale, George McCartney (1973) Eucalypts of the Western Australian goldfields : (and the adjacent wheatbelt). Australian Government Publishing Service for the Minister for Primary Industry, Canberra 1973. 218 pp. p.73
(2) Florence, R. G. (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. CSIRO, Australia, Collingwood, Vic., Australia. 1996. 413 pp.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence


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