Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Eucalyptus cloeziana
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Eucalyptus cloeziana (Gympie messmate, messmate, dead finish, yellow messmate, Queensland messmate) | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | n | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | ||
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y | 1 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | n | 0 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | y | 1 |
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 9 | -1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | ||
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | -1 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence. | |
| 1.02 | No evidence | |
| 1.03 | No evidence. | |
| 2.01 | 'This species is a tall straight tree with a scattered natural distribution in tropical and subtropical areas of Queensland.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 2.02 | ||
| 2.03 |
(1) - Altitude range: 0 - 1500 m - Mean annual rainfall: 500 - 2300 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; uniform - Dry season duration: 0 - 5 months - Mean annual temperature: 16 - 27ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 27 - 36ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 5 - 17ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > -3ºC (2)Hardiness range 10A -11. |
(1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc2300.htm |
| 2.04 | 'This species is a tall straight tree with a scattered natural distribution in tropical and subtropical areas of Queensland.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 2.05 | 'It has been successfully introduced for poles in Kenya, Malawi, Swaziland, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe in southern Africa principally in areas with an annual rainfall of 1000-1500 mm and a dry season of 4-5 months (FAO, 1974; Poynton, 1979). It also grows well in parts of Brazil, China, Congo, Madagascar and Nigeria. ' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 3.01 | No evidence | |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | 'It is not an aggressive colonizer and has no major disadvantages such as being a host for pests or diseases of crop plants, poisonous properties or parts, and extreme thorniness.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 3.05 | Severa Eucalyptus species such as E. populnea,E. pilularis, E. ferruginear and E. cambageana are listed as principal weeds in Australia. | An electronic Atlas of Weeds and Invasive Species. CD ROM version 1. 1997. Based on the original work 'A Geographical Atlas of Weeds' by Holm et al. |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.02 | No evidence. | |
| 4.03 | No evidence. | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know | |
| 4.05 | 'It is not an aggressive colonizer and has no major disadvantages such as being a host for pests or diseases of crop plants, poisonous properties or parts, and extreme thorniness.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.06 |
The following pests were listed to be associated with E. cloeziana. Phytophthora (foot rot) fungus Causes damping-off in the nursery Puccinia psidii (guava rust) fungus Pythium fungus Causes damping-off in the nursery Rhizoctonia fungus Causes damping-off in the nursery Biston edwardsi insect A defoliating Lepidoptera recorded in Zimbabwe. Cleora herbuloti insect A defoliating Lepidoptera recorded in Southern Africa. Eupseudosoma aberrans insect Eupseudosoma involuta insect Lipaphis insect A defoliating cockchafer beetle recorded in Australia. Oxydia vesulia insect Paropsis atomaria (Eucalyptus tortoise beetle) insect Phoracantha recurva (eucalyptus longhorned borer) insect 'It is not an aggressive colonizer and has no major disadvantages such as being a host for pests or diseases of crop plants, poisonous properties or parts, and extreme thorniness.' |
Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.07 | 'It is not an aggressive colonizer and has no major disadvantages such as being a host for pests or diseases of crop plants, poisonous properties or parts, and extreme thorniness.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.08 | Inconclusive evidence regarding fire - a tall evergreen tree - inhabits schlerophyll forests but does not have typical papery bark like other Eucalypt species and is not known to form thickets. | |
| 4.09 | 'Environment: prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun.' [No other evidence regarding light requirement, answer based on this one reference]. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.1 | Soil types: granite soils; sandstone soils; sandy soils; volcanic soils. It has the potential to grow rapidly in subhumid conditions on a wide range of acidic or neutral soil types but is best suited to well-drained soils with a loamy or sandy texture. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 4.11 | Not a climber. | (1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1393057 |
| 4.12 | No evidence. | |
| 5.01 | (1)A tall tree that can grow upto 55 m tall and 1-2 m in diameter. (2)Photo of large tree. | (1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1393057 |
| 5.02 | ||
| 5.03 | No evidence | |
| 5.04 | ||
| 6.01 | 'The flowering time is from November to February in Australia. Seeds are mature from April to July the following year.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 6.02 | 'Eucalyptus cloeziana is usually propagated from seed extracted by drying from mature capsules. Viable seeds are difficult to separate from chaff, which are similar in size, weight and colour.' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 6.03 | (1) 'E. cloeziana has been considered taxonomically distinctive and it was included in the monospecific subgenus Idiogenes of Pryor and Johnson (1971). Observations of natural hybrids with E. acmenoides (Brooker and Kleinig, 1994) suggest an affinity with the subgenus Monocalyptus and lead to the view that E. cloeziana may be more appropriately placed in this subgenus. This affinity is supported by features of its essential oils (Brophy and Boland, 1990).' (2)'Eucalyptus acmenoides Schauer (white mahogany) and E. cloeziana F. Muell (Gympie messmate) are largely allopatric but have several sympatric populations across their range in eastern Queensland, Australia. In this study, verification of interspecific hybridization at the site of one such sympatric population was carried out using morphological and molecular (nuclear and cytoplasmic) characters. Capsule morphology was intermediate in hybrids, particularly with respect to the number of valves per capsule. Hybridization was found to occur in both directions with maternal inheritance of a taxon-specific polymorphism in the inverted repeat of the JLAregion of the chloroplast genome. However,E. acmenoides acted as the maternal parent in all but one hybrid individual, possibly due to protandry of flowering. High levels of polymorphism in microsatellite loci existed between E. acmenoides and E. cloeziana in the hybrid zone. Formation of hybrids was most likely limited to F1mating and was restricted in both numbers and dispersal within the hybrid zone. Current taxonomy places E. cloeziana and E. acmenoides into different subgenera, Idiogenes and Monocalyptus respectively. This is significant as it is the only example of natural hybridization between subgenera within the Eucalyptus genus, suggesting that the taxonomic classification of E. acmenoides and E. cloeziana should be investigated further.' | (1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)Stokoe, R.L. et al. 2001. Natural Inter-subgeneric Hybridization Between Eucalyptus acmenoides Schauer and Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell (Myrtaceae) in Southeast Queensland. Annals of Botany 88: 563-570. |
| 6.04 | No detailed studies have been reported on the pollination and breeding system but observations suggest that E.cloeziana is predominantly outcrossing and insect pollinated (Turnbull, 1979).' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 6.05 | No detailed studies have been reported on the pollination and breeding system but observations suggest that E.cloeziana is predominantly outcrossing and insect pollinated (Turnbull, 1979).' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 6.06 | No evidence of spread through vegetative means. | |
| 6.07 | 'Trees begin flowering from about their ninth year (Poynton, 1979) and general flowerings in Australia are up to three years apart (Turnbull and Pryor, 1978).' | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 7.01 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.02 | 'It has strong, heavy and very durable wood that is used for fencing, bridge construction, transmission poles, mining timbers and sawn boards. It has been grown as an ornamental in Queensland. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 7.03 | 'Eucalyptus cloeziana is usually propagated from seed extracted by drying from mature capsules. Viable seeds are difficult to separate from chaff, which are similar in size, weight and colour.' [Probably not if the chaff is still attached to the seeds]. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 7.04 | Probably yes - fruit is a woody capsules (photo of capsules) that opens to release relatively small seeds that can be carries by wind. | (1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1393058 |
| 7.05 | Probably not - no evidence that the tree inhabits waterways. Also fruit is a woody capsusle (photo of capsules). | (1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1393059 |
| 7.06 | Probably not - fruit is a woody capsusle (photo of capsules). | (1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1393059 |
| 7.07 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | |
| 7.08 | No evidence of ingestion by animals. | |
| 8.01 | No evidence of seed size to estimate seed output. | |
| 8.02 | 'The capsules may remain unopened on the tree for up to three years.' ' Seeds can usually be germinated without pretreatment although enhanced germination by stratification and polyethylene glycol treatment. ... The seeds are orthodox and can be stored for several years in cool dry conditions provided their moisture content is kept below 8%.' [No evidence of seed viability under natural conditons]. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 8.03 | No evidence that the species is being controlled for. | |
| 8.04 | Tolerates drought; fire; frost. Ability to self-prune; coppice. | Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. |
| 8.05 | Don’t know. |
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