Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Erblichia odorata


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Erblichia odorata Seem. Family - Turneraceae. Common Names(s) - Butterfly tree, Flor de Fuego. Synonym(s) - Piriqueta odorata.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Southern Mexico and Central America…

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

2.02

(1)Southern Mexico and Central America [Native range tropical]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

2.03

(1)Elevación entre 0 - 1300 m. Elevation 0 - 1300 m. [native to region with tropical climate, but elevational distribution >1000 m]

(1)http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=1469&-Find [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

2.04

(1)Southern Mexico and Central America…

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

2.05

(1)A very rare tree in cultivation, this is the newest, most exciting tree to be introduced in the last decade.

(1)http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Erblichia_odorata.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence [but no information of species outside native range](1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence [but no information of species outside native range](1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence [but no information of species outside native range](1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamee.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

4.01

(1)Tree 7-30(40) m tall, the trunk up to 1 m in diam at the base, the branchlets glabrous (in the only Panamanian collection seen) to velutinous.

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

Unknown

4.06

Unknown

4.07

Unknown

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1)Full sun

(1)http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Erblichia_odorata.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

4.10

(1)Tolerates poor soils. (2)Prefers climates with a long dry season. It has been observed in poor and stony soils. [no evidence of wide range in soil conditions]

(1)http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Erblichia_odorata.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009] (2)http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=1469&-Find [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

4.11

(1)Tree 7-30(40) m tall, the trunk up to 1 m in diam at the base, the branchlets glabrous (in the only Panamanian collection seen) to velutinous.

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

4.12

(1)CHIRIQUI: Paredes I, on outskirts of woods, Seemann s.n. (type K, not seen). COCLE: El Valle de Antbn, trail to Las Minas, alt 1000 m, scattered throughout forest, Allen 2468 [native distribution scattered, no evidence of thicket formation] (2)Tropical evergreen broadleaf lowland forest over poor or sandy soils:...This forest type is also associated with areas having high rainfall in the order of 2,500 to 4,000 mm per annum. Forest are dense with broken canopies. Soils are acidic and often have retarded drainage. Species diversity is high in fact superseding those of any other forest ecosystem in the park. Soils are fragile and easily eroded after clearing. Erosion can be significant on slopes [Erblichia odorata one of many tree species found in this diverse forest type]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94. (2)http://www.doe.gov.bz/documents/EIA/US%20Capital%20EIA/Chapter_4%20-%20%20BIOLOGICAL%20RECEPTORS%20-%20FLORA%20AND%20FAUNA.pdf [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

5.02

(1)Turneraceae

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

5.03

(1)Turneraceae

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

5.04

(1)Tree 7-30(40) m tall, the trunk up to 1 m in diam at the base, the branchlets glabrous (in the only Panamanian collection seen) to velutinous.

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

6.02

(1)Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate.

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Flowers large (at least in tropical North America), axillary, solitary, homostylous (2)Self-pollination may occur in the flowers of homostylous and incompletely heterostylous species when the petals shrivel and press the anthers and stigmas together. (3)Self-fertilization occurs in the absence of insect visits, by the corolla withering and pressing anthers and stigmas together. (4)For the purpose of consistency with our previous work, we refer to species/populations exhibiting floral monomorphism as possessing a homostylous breeding system. Homostylous species commonly have anthers and stigmas in close proximity within a flower and are self-compatible,

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94. (2)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plan Families. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London. (3)Heywood, V. H. 1993. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, New York. (4)Shore, J. S., M. M. Arbo, and A. Fernández. 2006. Breeding system variation, genetics and evolution in the Turneraceae. Wiley InterScience Logo. New Phytologist 171(3): 539-551.

6.05

(1)Flowers with the peduncles to 4.5 cm long, to 7.5 cm long in fruit, glabrous or nearly so, the prophylls subopposite, the pedicels to 2.5-3 cm long, glabrous to sparsely appressed-puberulous; sepals narrowly ovate to linear-ovate, long-acurninate, to 6 cm long, green or yellowish-green, some with yellow (or pale orange or salmon) margins, sparsely appressed-puberulous to glabrous outside; petals cuspidate to caudate at the apex, to 8 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, yelloxv (or reddishorange); filaments to 4.5 cm long, glabrous or densely villosulous below, the anthers straight, to 6 mm long, appendiculate at the apex; ovary glabrous to densely velutinous; styles to 5 cm long, glabrous or sparely appressed-puberulous below. (2)Insects (usually bees) are attracted to the coloful, ephemeral flowers that often have extrastaminal nectaries. [Family description]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94. (2)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plan Families. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London.

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

7.02

(1)A very rare tree in cultivation, this is the newest, most exciting tree to be introduced in the last decade [starting to be sold as an ornamental]

(1)http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Erblichia_odorata.htm [Accessed 13 Feb 2009]

7.03

(1)Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate. [no evidence]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

7.04

(1)Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate. [smaller seeds possibly adapted to wind dispersal, but no obvious mechanisms for wind dispersal]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

7.05

Unknown

7.06

(1)Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate. [no adaptations for wind dispersal]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

7.07

(1)The loculicidal capsules usually contain numerous seeds characterized by a reticulate seed coat plus a membranous unilateral aril. The arils attract ants that disperse the seeds [Family description]. (2)Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate. [no mention of aril in description, possibly dispersed by ants]

(1)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plan Families. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London. (2)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

7.08

[not consumed] (1)Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate. []

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

8.01

(1)Tree 7-30(40) m tall, the trunk up to 1 m in diam at the base, the branchlets glabrous (in the only Panamanian collection seen) to velutinous...Capsules (according to Sprague & Riley, loc. cit.) ellipsoid, ligneous, to 3.3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide, glabrous; seeds obovoid, slightly curved, to 4.5 mm long, longitudinally striate. [large trees possibly produce high seed densities]

(1)Woodson, Jr.; R. E., R. W. Schery and A. Robyns. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 129. Turneraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 1. (1967), pp. 85-94.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown


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