Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Dalbergia sissoo


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 13


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Dalbergia sissoo ; Amerimnon sissoo, Shisham, Indian rosewood, Sissoo

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

13

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)It is increasingly planted as a street tree in southern Florida and is becoming invasive. (2)Naturalized in Florida

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://131.247.163.200/website/plantatlas/maps.asp?plantID=1447

1.03

No evidence

2.01

According to Troup (1921), D. sissoo is indigenous only to the sub-Himalayan tract in India and Pakistan

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

It has also been introduced, with varying degrees of success, into mainland South-East Asia, Java and Africa [Himalayan implies higher elevation or cooler climiate species]

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1) '...growing naturally here as well as in the outer Himalayan valleys up to 1000 m altitude and occasionally reaching 1500 m.' 'Approximate limits north to south: 23°N to 30°S.' (2)thrives from dry to wet (3)Ranging from sealevel to >1500 m, it can stand temperatures from below freezing to nearly 50°C. Apparently adapted to savanna woodlands where annual rainfall is 7-20 dm with droughts of 3-4 months duration (NAS, 1979). Sometimes gregarious in alluvial forests along the rivers of the subhimalayan tract (C.S.I.R., 1948-1976). Ranging from Subtropical Thorn to Moist through Tropical Dry to Moist Forest Life Zones, sissoo is expected to tolerate annual precipitation of 6 to 40 dm, annual temperature of 21 to 28°C, and pH of 6-8. (4)It is a primary coloniser of new alluvial soils along riverbanks and forms forest, either pure or mixed with other species. It often occurs in association with Acacia catechu (khair-sissoo forest).

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST227 (3)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Dalbergia_sissoo.html (4)http://www.dfsc.dk/pdf/Seedleaflets/Dalbergia%20sissoo_65_int.pdf

2.04

According to Troup (1921), D. sissoo is indigenous only to the sub-Himalayan tract in India and Pakistan

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1) It has also been introduced, with varying degrees of success, into mainland South-East Asia, Java and Africa (2)It is grown at Cayey, El Verde, and Guayabol in Puerto Rico.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Dalbergia_sissoo.html

3.01

(1)It is increasingly planted as a street tree in southern Florida and is becoming invasive. (2)Naturalized in Florida

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://131.247.163.200/website/plantatlas/maps.asp?plantID=1447

3.02

A number of horticulturists consider this to be a nuisance tree.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST227

3.03

(1)Noxious weed list for Nothern Territory, Australia [weed of managed lands] (2)potential to form dense thickets that reduce grazing areas

(1)http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf (2)http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/agnote%20475%20f32.pdf

3.04

(1)'It is increasingly planted as a street tree in southern Florida and is becoming invasive.' ' It may also become a weed, as it is highly invasive and will regenerate profusely on newly-exposed sites.' (2)FLEPPC category II -- Invasive exotics that have increased in abundance or frequency but have not yet altered
Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species. These species may become ranked Category I, if ecological damage is demonstrated.(3)Ecological threat: Indian rosewood invades both disturbed and undisturbed sites and has been found in and around hardwood forests and pine rockland habitat in Miami-Dade county. Indian rosewood has the ability to crowd out native plants, especially in pine rocklands.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)www.fleppc.org (3)http://www.miamidade.gov/derm/Plants/plants_indian_rosewood.asp

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

(1) A study was conducted in existing agrosilvicultural systems involving different tree species (Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Cassia siamea, Dalbergia sissoo, Hardwickia binata and Leucaena leucocephala) in Bijapur, Karnataka, India to assess the allelopathic effects of different tree crops on rabi sorghum. The treatments comprise the existing agrosilvicultural systems including a control (no trees). The control treatment produced the maximum grain and stover yield. Plant height was maximum with L. leucocephala while H. binata produced plants with the least height. Highest diameter at breast height (dbh) and crown diameter was recorded in Acacia nilotica while the lowest values for dbh and crown diameter was recorded in D. sissoo and H. binata, respectively. Total biomass was maximum in Acacia nilotica and was minimum in H. binata. The performance of rabi sorghum in terms of stover and grain yield was inversely proportional to the silvicultural parameters of tree species and as well

(1) Devaranavadgi, S. B.; Hunshal, C. S.; Wali, S. Y.; Patil, M. B.; Bellakki, M. A. (2003) Studies on allelopathic effects in sorghum based agri-silviculture system. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2003, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 426-429, 5 ref.
(2) Koul, V. K.; Raina, A.; Khanna, Y. P.; Tickoo, M. L.; Singh, H. (1991) Evaluation of allelopathic influence of certain farm grown tree species on rice (Oryza sativa L. c.v. PC 19). Indian Journal of Forestry, 1991, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 54-57, 13 ref.
(3) Rao, O. P.; Saxena, A. K.; Singh, B. P. (1994) Allelopathic effects of certain agroforestry tree species on the germination of wheat, paddy and gram. Annals of Forestry, 1994, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 60-64, 20 ref.

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)'The palatability and nutrient content of leaves is highest in April and May, when the need for green fodder is greatest owing to scarcity of other sources.' 'Seedlings and young trees are often damaged by browsing domestic livestock'. (2)Trees may be grazed - Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Presbytis entellus.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Dalbergia_sissoo.html

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1)Pests recorded
Insect pests:
Agrilus dalbergiae
Aristobia horridula
*Bruchus pisorum
Cladobrostic melitricha
Drosicha stebbingii
Externadent atus
Leucoptera shenograpta
Plecoptera reflexa
Fungus diseases:
Cercospora sechii
Fusarium oxysporum
Ganoderma lucidum
Maravalia achroa
Nectria haematococca
Phellinus gilvus
Phyllactinia dalbergiae
Polyporus
Poria ambigua
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Uredo sisso
(2) 'Onion pea weevils are of the bruchus pisorum species and typically attack all varieties of edible peas. However, they also attack the bulbs of onion family plants such as garlic, leeks, shallots and of course, the common onion. Although pea weevil damage is not extremely common in onion family plants, when it does occur it can be devastating to the onion crop as once an onion plant has been infested with pea weevils the onion become inedible.'

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://nh.essortment.com/oniondiseasewe_rddi.htm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

(1) 'D. sissoo is not fire-resistant.' 'D. sissoo cannot withstand fire; even light fire kills foliage and severe fires may kill the trees outright' [a single-trunked deciduos tree - low fire risk]

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.09

(1)D. sissoo is a strong light demander from the seedling stage onwards. (2)Seedlings are intolerant of shade.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://haryana-online.com/Flora/shisham.htm

4.1

D. sissoo can be grown on any well-drained soil, even on pure sand.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

(1)Its habit of developing root suckers and runners makes it useful for erosion control. (20potential to form dense thickets

(1)http://www.dfsc.dk/pdf/Seedleaflets/Dalbergia%20sissoo_65_int.pdf (2)http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/agnote%20475%20f32.pdf

5.01

Fabaceae tree

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

Nitrogen fixer

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

Fabaceae

6.01

Young flower buds appear with the new leaves and open in March-April.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

Seedlings of D. sissoo are sensitive to drought, …

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

(1) It is also uncertain whether it is a self-pollinating or outcrossing species, or both, or when pollination and fertilization occur (2)The rate of outcrossing has been estimated to 60-90%, it varies between populations and for the single population over time.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.dfsc.dk/pdf/Seedleaflets/Dalbergia%20sissoo_65_int.pdf

6.05

(1) 'It is not known with any degree of certainty if D. sissoo is insect- or wind-pollinated, or if both vectors play a role.' (2)The flowers are pollinated by bees, thrips and other insects.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.dfsc.dk/pdf/Seedleaflets/Dalbergia%20sissoo_65_int.pdf

6.06

Propagated from seeds and root suckers. 'The roots are dimorphous, comprising nutrition roots without buds which penetrate downwards into the soil and long horizontal roots with buds, from which suckers are produced.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

(1)Growth rate: fast, Height: 45 to 60 feet (2)Three year old trees averaged 3 m in height [minimum estimate for a fast growing mediums sized legume tree] (3)Seed production starts when the trees are 3-4 years old and normally a good crop is produced every year

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST227 (2)Devarnavadagi S B and Murthy B G (1995) Performance of different tree species on eroded soils of northern dry zone of Karnataka. Advances in Agricultural Research in India, 4: 73-77. (3)http://www.dfsc.dk/pdf/Seedleaflets/Dalbergia%20sissoo_65_int.pdf

7.01

Could be if it is commonly planted along roadsides where vehicles could aid in dispersal - but it is more often used as a park tree

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.02

Probably yes- 'D. sissoo is a tree species highly preferred by farmers because of its ease of propagation by self-seeding, coppice, root suckers and stumps, and for its numerous wood and non-wood products.' 'In many Mediterranean countries, D. sissoo is valued as an ornamental.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

probably not- seeds relatively large. 'Seeds are kidney-shaped, variable in size (8-10 x 4-5.5 mm), pale brown, brown to brownish-black, reniform, compressed, with papery testa.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.04

'Dalbergia sissoo, a wind-dispersed tropical tree…'

G. S. Mohana 2 , R. Uma Shaanker 3 , K. N. Ganeshaiah 2 and
S. Dayanandan 4 5. Genetic relatedness among developing seeds and intra fruit seed abortion in Dalbergia sissoo (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2001;88:1181-1188.
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/7/1181] 

7.05

Sometimes gregarious in alluvial forests along the rivers of the subhimalayan tract [potentially water-dispersed (seed pods probably float)]

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Dalbergia_sissoo.html

7.06

wind dispersal

G. S. Mohana 2 , R. Uma Shaanker 3 , K. N. Ganeshaiah 2 and S. Dayanandan 4 5. Genetic relatedness among developing seeds and intra fruit seed abortion in Dalbergia sissoo (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2001;88:1181-1188.  [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/7/1181] 

7.07

wind dispersal

G. S. Mohana 2 , R. Uma Shaanker 3 , K. N. Ganeshaiah 2 and S. Dayanandan 4 5. Genetic relatedness among developing seeds and intra fruit seed abortion in Dalbergia sissoo (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2001;88:1181-1188.  [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/7/1181] 

7.08

no evidence that seeds are consumed

8.01

(1) 'Seeds are kidney-shaped, variable in size (8-10 x 4-5.5 mm), pale brown, brown to brownish-black, reniform, compressed, with papery testa.' (2)Only one or two seeds per pod

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.shop.sunshine-seeds.de/images/big/Dal_sis.jpg

8.02

(1) 'The seeds remain viable for only a few months.' (2) 'Seeds (50,000/kg) remain viable for only a few months when exposed to air, but can be stored for up to 4 years in sealed containers (Jackson 1987)' [latter is lab conditions only] (3)Propagation is by seed, which germinates better if planted when still within the pod. (4)The seeds remain viable for only a few months.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Fabaceae/Dalbergia_sissoo.html (2)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/D_sissoo.html (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST227 (4)http://haryana-online.com/Flora/shisham.htm

8.03

(1)Picloram as a cut stump, basal bark or stem injection (2)Chemical control measures are available for this weed.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/dalbergia_sissoo.htm (2)http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/weeds/agnote%20475%20f32.pdf

8.04

D. sissoo coppices and throws root suckers vigorously and profusely, often sending up masses of shoots. It has the ability to withstand frequent lopping for fuelwood for many years.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Don’t know


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