Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Dalbergia latifolia


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 5


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Dalbergia latifolia ( black rosewood, blackwood, East Indian rosewood), syn. Amerimnon latifolium (Roxb.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

D. latifolia was introduced into Sri Lanka and according to Trimen (1894) a few trees are found in Sri Lanka under natural conditions and also in the Peradeniya Botanic Garden.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

D. latifolia is indigenous to South and South-East Asia.D. latifolia is indigenous to South and South-East Asia. D. latifolia grows naturally in tropical and subtropical climates

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

(1)Approximate limits north to south: 28°N to 8°S. Altitude range: 0 - 1350 m (2) tolerates drought, rainfall 750-5000 mm [large range]; It is often found in relative moist situations near streams but older trees can be very drought-resistant. (3)Southern Indian Moist Deciduous Forest.[native habitat]

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0150_full.html

2.04

D. latifolia is indigenous to South and South-East Asia.D. latifolia is indigenous to South and South-East Asia. D. latifolia grows naturally in tropical and subtropical climates

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1)The species has been introduced into African countries, including Nigeria, Tanzania and Kenya. (2)It is planted in mainland South-East Asia and in Africa

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

3.01

D. latifolia was introduced into Sri Lanka and according to Trimen (1894) a few trees are found in Sri Lanka under natural conditions and also in the Peradeniya Botanic Garden.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

listed as "moderately invasive" but no details or regions are given

http://www.bangor.ac.uk/~afs101/iwpt/web1-99.pdf

3.05

AB: A 3-5 kilometre wide section of the tropical central Queensland coast around Mackay, Australia, was surveyed during 1992-94. Naturalized exotic plants comprised 28% of the total flora, and included 311 species belonging to 64 families and 203 genera. Herbaceous life forms (66.8%) dominated the weed flora. Analysis of weed species occurrence indicated that 78% of species were infrequent or rare in their present distribution, thus reflecting secondary successional influences in disturbed habitats. Weed cover of >35% reduced native species richness in coastal Casuarina woodlands. Current land use practices encourage the naturalization of weeds and increase their potential to expand present vegetation cover to thresholds that will reduce native species diversity over the long term. A total of 56 species (18% of the total flora) was considered seriously invasive within the area. The most susceptible vegetation types to weed invasions were riparian forest (44 species), open forest (32 species) and beach scrub (

Batianoff, G. N.; Franks, A. J. (1998) Weed invasion of the tropical Mackay coast, Queensland, Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly, 1998, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 123-128, 27 ref.

4.01

No evidence

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)D. latifolia seedlings and saplings are readily browsed by cattle and goats (2)Farmers use the nitrogen- rich foliage of D. latifolia as a green manure and fodder.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/D_latifolia.html

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) In D. latifolia, a total of 13 species of fungi have been reported to cause diseases of nursery seedlings, root suckers and trees in plantations and natural stands. Among them, Fusarium solani (provisionally identified) which causes wilt and die back of >15-yr-old trees, as reported from Indonesia, seems to be economically important [F. solani is a generalist]
(2) "Twig and leaf rust of sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) caused by Maravalia achroa has caused severe damage to seedlings in forest nurseries in the Doon Valley, Uttar Pradesh, in recent years. The disease results in 20-30% mortality."
[Maravalia achroa is a specialist rust fungus which cause problem on Dalbergia sisso, an important forestry species but is also considered a weed/pest] 

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Mehrotra, M. D.; Pandey, P. C. (1993) Maravalia twig and root rust of sissoo and its management. Indian Forester, 1993, Vol. 119, No. 11, pp. 955

4.07

An allergic reaction was found by a subject to a necklace and ear rings made of East Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia ). In patch tests, a positive reaction was found with the jewellery itself, the varnish and wood scraped off the jewellery. Patch tests performed with the chemical constituents of rosewood showed positive reactions to 4 different dalbergiones. [don't know if this is common; does not involve people accidentally contacting or consuming live plants]

Piletta, P. A.; Hausen, B. M.; Pasche-Koo, F.; French, L. E.; Saurat, J. H.; Hauser, C. 1996. Allergic contact dermatitis to East Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.). Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Vol.34, No.2, pp.298-300.

4.08

(1)D. latifolia is only moderately fire-resistant and is often killed outright by crown fires. Therefore, it benefits greatly from fire protection. However, it withstands annual ground fires in moist-deciduous forests. (2)'Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Leguminosae, subfamily Papilionoideae) is predominantly a single-stem deciduoustree with a dome shaped crown of lush green foliage. On wet sites it may remain evergreen.' [single trunk tree]

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/D_latifolia.html

4.09

(1) The tree benefits greatly from overhead light, but can tolerate some shade particularly when young (2)Tolerates light shade (3)As a seedling D. latifolia is shade tolerant

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/D_latifolia.html

4.1

Soil types: acid soils; alfisols; alluvial soils; clay soils; ferralsols; granite soils; gravelly soils; lateritic soils; cambisols; luvisols; mountain soils; sandy soils; subtropical soils; tropical soils; ultisols

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

No evidence - It is not a gregarious tree and occurs scattered in mixed deciduous forests.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.01

Fabaceae

5.02

Fabaceae

5.03

Nitrogen fixing tree.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

Fabaceae - tree

6.01

Flowering begins by December and normally continues to March or rarely October.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

In natural forests, seeds germinate in the early rainy season.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

Don't know

6.05

AB: Extracted Apis cerana honey had a pollen count of 50000. There was no predominant pollen type, but Aster altaicus (18%), Ageratum conyzoides (17.6%) and Dalbergia latifolia (20.3%) were the commonest pollen types. Squeezed Apis dorsata honey had a pollen count of 1570000. Again, there was no predominant pollen type, but A. altaicus (19%), A. conyzoides (24%) and Mangifera indica (25%) were the commonest pollens.[used by honey bees]

Jhansi, P.; Ramanujam, C. G. K. (1987) Pollen analysis of extracted and squeezed honey of Hyderabad [India]. Geophytology, 1987, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 237-240 + 1 pl.

6.06

(1) In addition, special propagation roots with buds which run horizontally close to the surface of the ground or sometimes even at the surface, are formed early in the life of the tree. It produces numerous root suckers, particularly when the roots are exposed or wounded. Many of these suckers develop into trees (2) roots produce suckers.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/D_latifolia.html

6.07

Growth rate averaging about 1 m per year [comparable to D. sissoo, so same value is assumed here]

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/D_latifolia.html

7.01

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment, not planted as an ornamental, seeds are larger than D. sissoo.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.02

Probably yes. 'D. latifolia is a multipurpose timber tree which yields the valuable Indian rosewood of commerce. It is used for furniture and cabinet work and is also a valuable decorative wood. ...Different parts of the tree are used medicinally.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

seeds relatively large. Fruits (pods) are strap-shaped, 4-15 cm long, 1-2 cm broad, reticulate-veined throughout with 1-4 reniform, compressed seeds.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.04

Pods are not obviously winged as in D. sissoo, but pods do not open at maturity either

http://www.winrock.org/forestry/factpub/FACTSH/D_latifolia.html

7.05

It is often found in relative moist situations near streams

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

7.06

Fruits (pods) are strap-shaped, 4-15 cm long, 1-2 cm broad, reticulate-veined throughout with 1-4 reniform, compressed seeds.

7.07

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

. 'Fruits (pods) are strap-shaped, 4-15 cm long, 1-2 cm broad, reticulate-veined throughout with 1-4 reniform, compressed seeds.' [seeds do not have a hard coat; not evidence of consumption]

8.01

Fruits (pods) are strap-shaped, 4-15 cm long, 1-2 cm broad, reticulate-veined throughout with 1-4 reniform, compressed seeds. [only 1-4 seeds per pod]

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.02

Seeds remain viable for a period of about 6 months and lose their viability appreciably when kept for more than one year. Seeds should therefore be germinated in the same season as their collection.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

It produces numerous root suckers, particularly when the roots are exposed or wounded. Many of these suckers develop into trees. t coppices and pollards well; the season of cutting influences the production of coppice shoots.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Don’t know

Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!


[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]


This page updated 3 March 2005