Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe. Family - Zingiberaceae. Common Names(s) - Rose turmeric, Zedoary . Synonym(s) - Amomum zedoaria Christm..

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat [reproductive failure due to cultivation]

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)The ancestral home of C. zedoaria is not known. The species has long been cultivation and is naturalized throughout India and Southeast Asia, where it is used as a flavoring and medicine…No fewer than seven races, traditionally described as separate species, can be recognized in C. zedoaria. Several of these are important for medicine and food in tropical Asia and have been propagated vegetatively and carried by human migrations. Often, these forms have been in cultivation for so long that their native homes may never be precisely known. Thus, it is possible that some of the entities traditionally recognized as distinct species are actually clones of a single species maintained in cultivation and in the semiwild state by asexual propagation.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

1.02

(1)Listed as naturalized

(1)Introduced (Naturalised) Species to the United States [USDA, NRCS 1999. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. ]

1.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/curcuma_zedoaria/ [Accessed 29 May 2009]

2.01

(1)The ancestral home of C. zedoaria is not known. The species has long been cultivation and is naturalized throughout India and Southeast Asia, where it is used as a flavoring and medicine.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

2.02

(1)The ancestral home of C. zedoaria is not known. The species has long been cultivation and is naturalized throughout India and Southeast Asia, where it is used as a flavoring and medicine.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

2.03

(1)Zones 8-11

(1)Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants: A Guide to Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

2.04

(1)SE Asia, naturalized, also cultivated: India, China, Sri Lanka, Madagascar.

(1)Seidemann, J. 2005. World spice plants. Springer, Berlin, Germany.

2.05

(1)The ancestral home of C. zedoaria is not known. The species has long been cultivation and is naturalized throughout India and Southeast Asia, where it is used as a flavoring and medicine…No fewer than seven races, traditionally described as separate species, can be recognized in C. zedoaria. Several of these are important for medicine and food in tropical Asia and have been propagated vegetatively and carried by human migrations. Often, these forms have been in cultivation for so long that their native homes may never be precisely known. Thus, it is possible that some of the entities traditionally recognized as distinct species are actually clones of a single species maintained in cultivation and in the semiwild state by asexual propagation. [probably yes, but native range is uncertain] (2)Curcuma zedoaria have also been cultivated in southern Africa.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/zingiberaceae/ [Accessed 29 May 2009]

3.01

(1)Listed as naturalized (2)It has become naturalized (existing outside of cultivation) in India and throughout Southeast Asia.

(1)Introduced (Naturalised) Species to the United States [USDA, NRCS 1999. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. ] (2)https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11925&rid=2217 [Accessed 29 May 2009]

3.02

(1)Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Zingiberaceae: Weed [There is a reference to this plant as a weed somewhere in the world but no evidence of where or if control methods are being employed]

(1)Randall, R. P. 2007. The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Glen Osmond, Australia.

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/curcuma_zedoaria/ [Accessed 29 May 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/curcuma_zedoaria/ [Accessed 29 May 2009]

3.05

(1)These plants are tender perennials that do especially well in warm, wet climates. Under ideal conditions, they can become invasive. But in most conditions, they are not a nuisance [no definitive weed references found]. (2)Curcuma domestica listed as an agricultural weed of rubber plantations [no evidence of impacts or control]

(1)http://www.plantingflowerbulbs.com/curcuma-flower.htm [Accessed 29 May 2009] (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/curcuma_domestica/ [Accessed 29 May 2009]

4.01

(1)No spines, thorns or burrs

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.02

(1)[No evidence, and related species not allelopathic] Plants were screened using lettuce seed and Fusarium oxysporum germination and growth bioassays. Plants with allelopathic properties occurred more frequently in medicinal plants than in common crops and weeds. The strongest activity which was observed in Pulsatilla cernua, Clematis paniculata, Inula helenium, Thymus vulgaris, Ammi visnaga, Laurus nobilis, was manifested by both plant growth inhibition and fungicidal properties. Water extracts of Allium tuberosum and garlic (Allium sativa ) and methanol extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Curcuma longa displayed a strong anti-fungal activity, but did not affect plant growth. Phytolacca americana, Cinnamomum sieboldii, and Mentha piperita exhibited a strong plant seed germination and seedling growth inhibition, but had no effect on fungi.

(1)Fujii, Y.; Furukawa, M.; Hayakawa, Y.; Sugahara, K.; Shibuya, T. (1991) Survey of Japanese medicinal plants for the detection of allelopathic properties. Weed Research (Tokyo), 1991, Vol.36, No.1, pp.36-42, 12 ref.

4.03

(1)Herb 2-4' tall

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)Internal poison no Dermatologic poison no Livestock poison no [No evidence]

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/specimen/CU/Curcuma%20zedoaria.htm [Accessed 29 May 2009]

4.06

(1)As for problems with diseases and pests, leaf spot and rhizome rot are considered the most common curcuma diseases, while pests affecting curcumas include shoot borers, leaf-eating insects, sucking insects and nematodes.

(1)http://www.plantingflowerbulbs.com/curcuma-flower.htm [Accessed 29 May 2009]

4.07

(1)Internal poison no Dermatologic poison no Livestock poison no [No evidence]

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/specimen/CU/Curcuma%20zedoaria.htm [Accessed 29 May 2009]

4.08

(1)Curcuma zedoaria, also known as Zedoary, is an herb that grows up to 1.2 m in height. This plant has both vertical aerial stems (pseudostems) and horizontal underground stems known as rhizomes, which allow the plant to spread so this species often grows in large clumps. [an herbaceous plant]

(1)https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11925&rid=2217 [Accessed 28 May 2009]

4.09

(1)Well-drained soils in shaded places are preferred. (2)Grow this Curcuma in a sunny area, from part sun to full sun, so long as the soil is kept moist. (3)Likes medium shade. (4)Full Sun Part Shade (5)Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade Light Shade

(1)Whistler, W. A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals: a guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR. (2)http://www.gingersrus.com/DataSheet.php?PID=3045 [Accessed 28 May 2009] (3)http://stokestropicals.com/zedoary-root-39-rhizome.htm [Accessed 29 May 2009] (4)http://store.brentandbeckysbulbs.com/summer/productview/?sku=67-04 [Accessed 29 May 2009] (5)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58846/ [Accessed 29 May 2009]

4.10

(1)SOIL: Moisture-moist Fertility-rich, humusy pH-neutral (2)Soil pH requirements: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)

(1)http://www.gingersrus.com/DataSheet.php?PID=3045 [Accessed 28 May 2009] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58846/ [Accessed 29 May 2009]

4.11

(1)Herb 2-4' tall

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.12

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.02

(1)Zingiberaceae

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.03

(1)Zingiberaceae

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.04

(1)Curcuma species are tropical crops used as cut flowers, landscape plants and specialty potted plants. Among this group, the beautiful inflorescence and luxurious foliage of C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe (a traditional source of Zedoary spice, tonic, and perfume) has potential in floriculture. General aspects of plant morphology, growth and flowering of this species, growing under Hawaiian conditions, are reported. Zedoary is a herbaceous and rhizomatous perennial plant composed of an upright pseudostem, a corm (an ovate rhizome), underground cylindrical branches or rhizomes (that develop up to the third order when fully matured), and fleshy roots. Some roots develop terminal storage structures (rounded to elongate tuber-like roots called t-roots). Active axillary buds are on the lower side of the corm and branches. From March to April axillary buds of the corm and apical buds of the third order rhizomes emerge above ground as inflorescences. This basal flower spike will grow about 30 cm tall and appears just before the foliage. On the node closest to the flower spike, a vegetative shoot always develops. No additional floral buds sprout, but more vegetative shoots develop. On corms of recently formed aerial shoots, new branches start to develop. By autumn, the above-ground foliage dies back. From November to December storage roots are formed, having a high (>70%) carbohydrate content. Sketches and photos illustrate the branching pattern and morphological plant structures.

(1)Maciel, N. and R.A. Criley. Curcuma, dormancy, flower seasonality, tropical flowers, zedoary, Zingiberaleshttp://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=624_14 [Accessed 29 May 2009]

6.01

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

6.02

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

6.03

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

6.04

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

6.05

Unknown, as seed set rarely occurs

6.06

(1)Curcuma zedoaria, also known as Zedoary, is an herb that grows up to 1.2 m in height. This plant has both vertical aerial stems (pseudostems) and horizontal underground stems known as rhizomes, which allow the plant to spread so this species often grows in large clumps.

(1)https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11925&rid=2217 [Accessed 28 May 2009]

6.07

Unknown [propagated vegetatively]

7.01

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

7.02

(1)Ornamental, spice and perfume uses

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.03

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

7.04

(1)The ovary of Zedoary is a three-parted capsule and breaks open at maturity to release the seeds. Many seeds are produced in each fruit, each of which is surrounded by a fleshy covering.

(1)https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11925&rid=2217 [Accessed 28 May 2009]

7.05

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

7.06

(1)The ovary of Zedoary is a three-parted capsule and breaks open at maturity to release the seeds. Many seeds are produced in each fruit, each of which is surrounded by a fleshy covering [in the event that seed set does occur, seeds would be bird-dispersed, a genus description]

(1)https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11925&rid=2217 [Accessed 28 May 2009]

7.07

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate. (2)The ovary of Zedoary is a three-parted capsule and breaks open at maturity to release the seeds. Many seeds are produced in each fruit, each of which is surrounded by a fleshy covering [in the event that seed set does occur, there is no means of external attachment]

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122. (2)https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11925&rid=2217 [Accessed 28 May 2009]

7.08

(1)The ovary of Zedoary is a three-parted capsule and breaks open at maturity to release the seeds. Many seeds are produced in each fruit, each of which is surrounded by a fleshy covering [in the event that seed set does occur, seeds would be bird-dispersed, a genus description]

(1)https://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11925&rid=2217 [Accessed 28 May 2009]

8.01

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

8.02

(1)Generally, zedoary cannot be improved by breeding because it flowers rarely and seed set does not occur. It is propagated vegetatively through underground rhizomes at a very low rate.

(1)Nguyen Hoang Loc, Doan Trong Duc, Tae Ho Kwon & Moon Sik Yang. 2005. Micropropagation of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) – a valuable medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 81:119–122.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1)[can regenerate from rhizomes] Curcuma species are tropical crops used as cut flowers, landscape plants and specialty potted plants. Among this group, the beautiful inflorescence and luxurious foliage of C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe (a traditional source of Zedoary spice, tonic, and perfume) has potential in floriculture. General aspects of plant morphology, growth and flowering of this species, growing under Hawaiian conditions, are reported. Zedoary is a herbaceous and rhizomatous perennial plant composed of an upright pseudostem, a corm (an ovate rhizome), underground cylindrical branches or rhizomes (that develop up to the third order when fully matured), and fleshy roots. Some roots develop terminal storage structures (rounded to elongate tuber-like roots called t-roots). Active axillary buds are on the lower side of the corm and branches. From March to April axillary buds of the corm and apical buds of the third order rhizomes emerge above ground as inflorescences. This basal flower spike will grow about 30 cm tall and appears just before the foliage. On the node closest to the flower spike, a vegetative shoot always develops. No additional floral buds sprout, but more vegetative shoots develop. On corms of recently formed aerial shoots, new branches start to develop. By autumn, the above-ground foliage dies back. From November to December storage roots are formed, having a high (>70%) carbohydrate content. Sketches and photos illustrate the branching pattern and morphological plant structures.

(1)Maciel, N. and R.A. Criley. Curcuma, dormancy, flower seasonality, tropical flowers, zedoary, Zingiberaleshttp://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=624_14 [Accessed 29 May 2009]

8.05

Unknown