Cuphea subuligera Koehne. Family - Lythraceae. Common Names(s) - mauve Cuphea, neon Cuphea, lavender Cuphea. Synonym(s) - Cuphea dodecandra Hemsl.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Cuphea subuligera is a Dr. Dennis Breedlove collection without previous cultivation history. It has been grown at Strybing Arboretum, San Francisco since 1984 and at UCBotanical Garden, Berkeley since 1976. (2) Until 1987, Cuphea was a completely undomesticated genus. When we initiated domestication work in 1986, the entire germplasm base was comprised of wild populations, and no species had been selected for intense breeding and domestication work. Seed of most species was very scarce, and no species had been extensively collected from the wild for germplasm preservation and plant breeding work

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6].

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Endemic to the Mexican state of Chiapas.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

2.02

(1) Endemic to the Mexican state of Chiapas.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

2.03

(1)A Breedlove collection without previous cultivation history, Cuphea subuligera has been grown at Strybing since 1984 and at UCBG since 1976. It is found in the states of Puebla and Chiapas, Mexico, growing at elevations from a little under 5,000 to almost 9,000 feet in evergreen cloud forest and regenerating montane rain forest.

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6].

2.04

(1) Cuphea subuligera grows in the states of Puebla and Chiapas, Mexico at elevations from a little under 5,000 to almost 9,000 feet.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

2.05

(1) Cuphea subuligera is a Dr. Dennis Breedlove collection without previous cultivation history. It has been grown at Strybing Arboretum, San Francisco since 1984 and at UCBotanical Garden, Berkeley since 1976. (2) Cuphea subuligera is a recent introduction to Hawaii.

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

3.01

No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (3) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6].

3.02

No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (3) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6].

3.03

No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (3) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6].

3.04

No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamec.htm [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (3) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6].

3.05

(1) Cuphea ignea is an ornamental shrub that is a major invasive plant of La Réunion where it can become dominant or co-dominant in natural or semi-natural environments and threaten the composition, structure and functioning of ecosystems.

(1) http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st
=sss&fr=1&Image1.x=23&Image1.y=8&sn=cuphea&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN [Cited 2009 April 6].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 6].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 6].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Tolerates sun to partial shade. (2)in evergreen cloud forest and regenerating montane rain forest. [growth as a shrub in rainforest suggests some degree of shade tolerance]

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/96125/ [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2)http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf

4.10

(1) Soil pH: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic), 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral).

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/96125/ [Cited 2009 April 6].

4.11

(1) Dense shrubby plant 3 feet high and 3 feet wide. Can grow to 6 feet in natural areas. (2) Erect or sprawling shrub 2-6' high.

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Dense shrubby plant 3 feet high and 3 feet wide. Can grow to 6 feet in natural areas. (2) Erect or sprawling shrub 2-6' high.

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Lythraceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Lythraceae.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) Dense shrubby plant 3 feet high and 3 feet wide. Can grow to 6 feet in natural areas. (2) Erect or sprawling shrub 2-6' high.

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Propagate from seeds or cuttings.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/96125/ [Cited 2009 April 6].

6.03

(1) Cuphea subuligera has hybridized with Cuphea ignea. (2) A possible hybrid of Cuphea subligera and Cuphea ignea has characteristics intermediate to the two suspected parents and comes in a variety of flower colors.

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.04

Unknown (1) The Cuphea genus is almost uniformly self-compatible, in spite of the obvious adaptations of the flowers of most species for outcrossing.

(1) Graham SA. 2003. Biogeographic Patterns of Antillean Lythraceae. Systematic Botany. 28(2):410-420.

6.05

(1) [Hummingbird pollinated with classic hummingbird syndrome] (1)http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf (2) Cuphea laminuligera and C. lanceolata (not Cuphea subuligera) are primarily insect pollinated. Honey bees and bumble bees were successful pollinators in this study. (3) The most specialized forms of Lythraceae as regards pollination are the strongly zygomprpous flowers of species of Cuphea and Pleurophora.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

Unknown

7.01

Unlikely, (1) Fruit enclosed in persistnt floral tube, splitting along upper side. Seeds usually lens-shaped.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.02

(1) Cuphea subuligera is a Dr. Dennis Breedlove collection without previous cultivation history. It has been grown at Strybing Arboretum, San Francisco since 1984 and at UCBotanical Garden, Berkeley since 1976. (2) Cuphea subuligera is a recent introduction to Hawaii.

(1) http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/cf/pdf/cuphea_engl.pdf [Cited 2009 April 6]. (2) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.03

Not likely to be dispersed as a produce contaminant. Not grown with produce.

7.04

(1) Seed shattering and seed dormancy are the major domestication barriers within the genus; the seed dispersal mechanism is a characteristic which unifies the genus. (2) The outstanding taxonomic trait decisively distinguishing the genus Cuphea from other genera of the Lythraceae is zygomorphy of the flower and associated seed shattering. All species of the genus Cuphea have a thin parchment-like tissue layer, the fruit pericarp, which does not grow and expand while seeds are maturing. Seeds grow to the point where the calyx tube bursts along the dorsal side. Seeds are still held to the pericarp. After maturation, seeds are attached to the placenta by the funicle, which becomes brittle. Seeds will easily drop to the ground as soon as they are touched by rain or hail or whipped by branches in strong winds.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6] .(2) Hirsinger F, Knowles PF. 1984. Morphological and Agronomic Description of Selected Cuphea Germplasm. Economic Botany. 38(4):439-451.

7.05

(1) Seed shattering and seed dormancy are the major domestication barriers within the genus; the seed dispersal mechanism is a characteristic which unifies the genus. (2) The outstanding taxonomic trait decisively distinguishing the genus Cuphea from other genera of the Lythraceae is zygomorphy of the flower and associated seed shattering. All species of the genus Cuphea have a thin parchment-like tissue layer, the fruit pericarp, which does not grow and expand while seeds are maturing. Seeds grow to the point where the calyx tube bursts along the dorsal side. Seeds are still held to the pericarp. After maturation, seeds are attached to the placenta by the funicle, which becomes brittle. Seeds will easily drop to the ground as soon as they are touched by rain or hail or whipped by branches in strong winds.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6] .(2) Hirsinger F, Knowles PF. 1984. Morphological and Agronomic Description of Selected Cuphea Germplasm. Economic Botany. 38(4):439-451.

7.06

(1) Seed shattering and seed dormancy are the major domestication barriers within the genus; the seed dispersal mechanism is a characteristic which unifies the genus. (2) The outstanding taxonomic trait decisively distinguishing the genus Cuphea from other genera of the Lythraceae is zygomorphy of the flower and associated seed shattering. All species of the genus Cuphea have a thin parchment-like tissue layer, the fruit pericarp, which does not grow and expand while seeds are maturing. Seeds grow to the point where the calyx tube bursts along the dorsal side. Seeds are still held to the pericarp. After maturation, seeds are attached to the placenta by the funicle, which becomes brittle. Seeds will easily drop to the ground as soon as they are touched by rain or hail or whipped by branches in strong winds.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6] .(2) Hirsinger F, Knowles PF. 1984. Morphological and Agronomic Description of Selected Cuphea Germplasm. Economic Botany. 38(4):439-451.

7.07

No mechanism for external dispersal (1) Seed shattering and seed dormancy are the major domestication barriers within the genus; the seed dispersal mechanism is a characteristic which unifies the genus. (2) The outstanding taxonomic trait decisively distinguishing the genus Cuphea from other genera of the Lythraceae is zygomorphy of the flower and associated seed shattering. All species of the genus Cuphea have a thin parchment-like tissue layer, the fruit pericarp, which does not grow and expand while seeds are maturing. Seeds grow to the point where the calyx tube bursts along the dorsal side. Seeds are still held to the pericarp. After maturation, seeds are attached to the placenta by the funicle, which becomes brittle. Seeds will easily drop to the ground as soon as they are touched by rain or hail or whipped by branches in strong winds.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6] .(2) Hirsinger F, Knowles PF. 1984. Morphological and Agronomic Description of Selected Cuphea Germplasm. Economic Botany. 38(4):439-451.

7.08

not consumed by animals

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown (1) Seed dormancy is one of the major domestication barriers within the genus

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-372.html [Cited 2009 April 6].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown