Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cryptomeria japonica (Sugi, Japanese cedar)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

No evidence that it has naturalized in places that it has been introduced.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

Native to Japan and has been introduced to several countries including Europe, South Africa, India, Malaysia, Mauritious etc.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

(1) 'It is tolerant of a wide range of sites, and climates ...' 'The altitudinal range is from about 300 m to about 2050 m in the northern Japanese Alps in Honshu.' Approximate limits north to south: 40°N to 25°N (2)USDA zones 5 to 10

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)CD-ROM databse Plant master 5.5. California edition 1999.

2.04

Native to Japan. (2)Native to China and Japan

Horticopia A to Z. CD-ROM database. (2)http://osu.orst.edu/dept/ldplants/crja.htm

2.05

This species has been introduced to several countries including Europe, South Africa, India, Malaysia, Mauritious etc.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

1) Listed on website as naturalized in New Zealand but no details available. This database appears to consider all common forestry species as "fully naturalized", irrespective of whether they have spread beyond the site of planting. 2) In New Zealand, "occasional escape from cultivation" "regenerating in the vicinity of planted trees"

http://nzflora.landcare.cri.nz/plantnames/ 2)Webb, Sykes and Garnock-Jones. 1988. Flora of New Zealand. BotanyVolume IV. Division DSIR, Christchurch, NZ

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence.

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/cu/cr/japonica.htm

4.02

Not allelopathic.

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

Rarely damaged by deer

http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/treeshru/resistan.htm

4.05

Not toxic.

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

4.06

1) Important host for The Japanese cedar longhorned beetle, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae)
2)Insect pests:
"Basilepta pallidulum
Calliteara abietis
Homona issikii
Semanotus japonicus
Urocerus japonicus
Xeris spectrum
Fungus diseases:
Armillaria mellea
Cercospora sequoiae
Helicobasidium mompa
Rosellinia necatrix (3)Rosellina necatrix is host to several important species like Eucaluptus and Prunus americana. (4)The site lists 107 fungal species to be associated with C. japoinca.

(1) http://www.gacaps.org/docs/cedarlonghorn.html (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (3)http://www.landcare.cri.nz/science/nzpddb/path.record.pl?rosnechttp://
www.landcare.cri.nz/science/nzpddb/path.record.pl?rosnec(4)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

Not fire resistant. Medium fire tolerance.

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

4.09

C. japonica tolerates moderate to heavy shade.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.1

(1)C. japonica grows best on deep, moist, clayey and well-drained soils. (2)Clay, sandy, laomy, well drained, neutral, acidic, drought tolerant.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Horticopia. Trees, shrubs and groundcovers. CD-ROM database.

4.11

It is not a vine. No evidence.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

5.02

5.03

Its an evergreen coniferous tree.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Seeding is heavy and starts at 5-10 years old.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

Hybrids could not be produced

Yang JenqChuan; Chung JengDer 1999Preliminary study on hybridity among Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cunninghamia konishii, Cryptomeria japonica , and Taiwania cryptomerioides . Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, , Vol.14, No.4, pp.437-446

6.04

n tests in a Cryptomeria japonica seed orchard in Japan, the proportion of selfed viable seeds (Rs) was high in the block with abundant male strobili (due to gibberellin treatment) compared with that of a block with scarce male strobili. The proportions of natural self-fertilization (Rf) were nearly equal to the estimated proportions of self-pollination, in the block with scarce male strobili. It was estimated that 54% of pollen at the test tree (the central one of nine arranged in a block pattern) was from neighbouring trees.

Kanekawa, T.; Kanazashi, T.; Katsuta, M. 1991. Seed fertility and natural selfing under different conditions of the relative amounts of male strobili in a Cryptomeria japonica seed orchard.
Bulletin of the Ibaraki Prefectural Forest Experiment Station, , No.19, pp.54-69,

6.05

wind-pollinated

Yoshii, Eri; Taira, Hideaki;Teranishi, Hidetoyo; Kenda, Yukiko; Fujisaki, Yoko; Saito, Maki; 2001. Observations of airborne Cryptomeria japonica pollen in the summer. Allergology International 50:171-177.

6.06

(1)No vegetative propagation. (2)It regenerates well from seed. It can also be grown from cuttings and it layers readily. In snow-damaged secondary broadleaf forest, C. japonica grew rapidly into large individual trees in canopy gaps, but could be repeatedly prostrated by snow. It would then layer, and persist under low light conditions.

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgiCAB (2)nternational, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

Seeding is heavy and starts at 5-10 years old.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.01

Seeds 6 x 3 mm - relatively large.

7.02

Ornamental and for forestry

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

7.03

Relatively large cones.

7.04

Seeds narrowly winged; irregularly triangular; 6 x 3 mm

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.05

7.06

7.07

Fruit: attraction to wildlife- little.

Southern Trees. CD-ROM database.

7.08

No evidence that the fruits or seeds are eaten by animals.

8.01

Seeds narrowly winged; irregularly triangular; 6 x 3 mm

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.02

No information.

8.03

No evidence that the species is a pest and is being controlled for.

8.04

No resprout ability, no coppice potential.

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

8.05

Don’t know.