Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Crinum asiaticum (Crinum lily, poison bulb)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

rare escape from cultivation in Florida

Wunderlin. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida , Gainesville

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)There are only two wild populations left in Singapore to the north and west of the main island. (2)This crinum is native to tropical areas of Asia. It is now a favorite landscape plant in Florida, the gulf coast, California and other warm climate areas.

(1)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/crinum_lily.htm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm

2.02

This crinum is native to tropical areas of Asia. It is now a favorite landscape plant in Florida, the gulf coast, California and other warm climate areas.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm

2.03

(1)USDA Zone 9 - 11. You can grow this crinum in Zone 8, but foliage is killed by freezing winter temperatures (2) The Crinum Lily grows on sandy seashores or in the back mangrove. (3)Robust lily, Crinum angustifolium (=C. asiatica; Family Amaryllidaceae) grows in brackish mangrove and freshwater habitats of the tropics

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm (2)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/crinum_lily.htm (3)http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/a0680tx.html

2.04

This crinum is native to tropical areas of Asia. It is now a favorite landscape plant in Florida, the gulf coast, California and other warm climate areas

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm

2.05

Introduced to Florida, the Gulf coast , Hawaii, California

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm

3.01

rare escape from cultivation in Florida

Wunderlin. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida , Gainesville

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information [contains alkaloids, probably not palatable]

Ghosal, S.; Saini, K. S.; Razdan, S.; Kumar, Y. (1985) Chemicalconstituents of Amaryllidaceae. Part 12. Crinasiatine, a novel alkaloid from Crinum asiaticum. J Chem Res 1985(3):100-101

4.05

No evidence that it is eaten

4.06

Aecidium crini
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Cercospora pancratii
Colletotrichum asiaticum
Macrophoma crinicola
Phomopsis sp
Phyllosticta sp.
The above fungi are found to be associated with C. asiaticum

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

[no evidence that it has caused problems in humans] (1)Crinum species in general are listed to be poisonous. Mode : Ingestion.
Poisonous Part : Bulbs, all parts.
Symptoms: Nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Toxic Principle: Alkaloids.
Severity: CAUSES ONLY LOW TOXICITY IF EATEN. (2)The plant is poisonous. (3)Leaves eaten to treat headache [obviously can't be deadly in reasonable doses]

(1)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Crinusp.htm (2)http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/crinum_lily.htm (3)http://marshall.csu.edu.au/html/essays/es-tslm-2.html

4.08

thick succulent stems

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml

4.09

(1)Prefers bright sunny situations but will grow in part shade. (2)living under some mangrove canopies

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm (2)http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/a0665tx.html

4.1

This lily is happy in just about any type of well drained soil.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/crin_asi.cfm

4.11

Not a vine.

4.12

can form dense thickets in mangroves (e.g. see picture)

http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/a0665tx.html

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

A very large lily, it grows from an underground bulb.

http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/crinum_lily.htm

6.01

Seeds are often quite large reaching 3 inches across. Seed should be sown soon after ripening.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml

6.02

Seeds are often quite large reaching 3 inches across. Seed should be sown soon after ripening.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml

6.03

'The plant is one of the easiest to hybridize, and sometimes the seeds are as large as hen eggs, if crossed with Yemense or Moorei.' [No evidence of natural hybridization.]

http://www.tytyga.com/crinum/pg7.html

6.04

No information

6.05

based on floral mophology -- large flowers, narrow corolla tube, stamens protrude a great distance above the flower -- pollinator must be large.

6.06

[grows from underground bulbs, but no destription of spreading from rhizomes]; (1)Crinum asiaticum are propagated by offset from the parent bulb (2)Used to mark property lines [considered more steadfast than woody plants; if it could spread by vegetative fragmentation, then would not be a reliable property marker]

(1)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml (2)http://www.sinorama.com.tw/en/show_issue.php3?id=199868706108E.TXT&page=1

6.07

[pertains to smaller relative Crinum bulbispermum, so answer is conservatively fast; could require 4 years] reaching flowering age after three to four years

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/crinumbulbisp.htm

7.01

Probably not - no evidence of propagules having any means of attachment.

7.02

Probably yes as it is values as an ornamental plant. 'But it is grown as an exotic ornamental for its attractive form and flowers. It is also grown in the Botanic Gardens.'

http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/crinum_lily.htm

7.03

large seeds

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml

7.04

The fruit is a globe which turns shiny white when ripe then splits open to reveal irregularly shaped seeds.

http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/crinum_lily.htm

7.05

possibly (native habitat is brackish water with mangroves)

http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/a0665tx.html

7.06

The fruit is a globe which turns shiny white when ripe then splits open to reveal irregularly shaped seeds.[probably not bird dispersed because fruit splits open naturally and seeds are very large]

http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/crinum_lily.htm

7.07

large seeds, no means of attachment

7.08

seeds 3 inches across (cannot swallow intact)

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml

8.01

Seeds are often quite large reaching 3 inches across.

http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml

8.02

(1)Seed should be sown soon after ripening. (2)Seed viability is short-lived

(1)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week072.shtml (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/crinumbulbisp.htm

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

[probably would grow back from bulb, but no evidence]

8.05

Don’t know.