Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cordia subcordata (C. orientalis, C. rumphii ); Kou (Polynesian)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"distribution: From esat Africa towards India, Indo-China, Hainan and tailand, and throughout the Malesian area to the Pacific"

2.02

2.03

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151 2)http://kumu.icsd.hawaii.gov/hfciforest/native/kou.html 3)http://www.hawaii-nation.org//canoe/kou.html

tropics only "distribution: From esat Africa towards India, Indo-China, Hainan and tailand, and throughout the Malesian area to the Pacific" 2)elevation 0-200 m 3)coastal lowlands on the islands' leeward areas

2.04

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"distribution: From esat Africa towards India, Indo-China, Hainan and tailand, and throughout the Malesian area to the Pacific"

2.05

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.392

"Apparently origionally native to Malesia, spread through out the Pacific by the early migration of Austronesian people; in Hawai'i a Polynesian introduction sparingly naturalized in low elevation, dry costal areas, documented from all of the main island except Molokai and Koho'olawe"

3.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.392

"Apparently origionally native to Malesia, spread through out the Pacific by the early migration of Austronesian people; in Hawai'i a Polynesian introduction sparingly naturalized in low elevation, dry costal areas, documented from all of the main island except Molokai and Koho'olawe"

3.02

no evidenec

3.03

no evidenec

3.04

no evidenec

3.05

Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

C. boissieri in Maxico and C. curassavica in Trinidad were listed as principal weed. C. corymbosa in Puerto Rico and C. cylindristachya in Malaysia were listed as common weed.

4.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.392

these traits are not described

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

(1) de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151 (2)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.394

(1) "In Polynesia, young leaves are sometimes chewed together with betel nut" (2) "the flowers were made into lei and the seeds were eaten"

4.06

no evidenec

4.07

(1) de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151 (2)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.394

(1) "In Polynesia, young leaves are sometimes chewed together with betel nut" (2) "the flowers were made into lei and the seeds were eaten"

4.08

http://www.fao.org/docrep/X1010e/X1010e00.htm

rare or endangered over most of natural range in the South Pacific -- insufficient numbers to create fire hazard. In any case leaves are evergreen with likely low flammability

4.09

no evidence

4.1

no evidence, tolerates some salt

4.11

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"A small to medium-sized tre up to 20 m tall"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"A small to medium-sized tre up to 20 m tall"

5.02

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"A small to medium-sized tre up to 20 m tall"

5.03

no evidence

5.04

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"A small to medium-sized tre up to 20 m tall"

6.01

no evidence

6.02

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Woodell, S. R. J. 1979. The role of unspecialized pollinators in the reproductive success of Aldabran plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B, , Vol.286, No.1011, pp.99-108

visited by bees

6.06

no evidence

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, Personal communication

7.01

no evidence

7.02

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"planted in gardens"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors) (1999) Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Nitherlands. 655 pp. Page 151

"fruit tightlyenclosed in an enlarged calyx. C. subcordata is fairly common in secondary forest and thickets along the sea shore"

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.392

relatively large fruit and few seeds per fruit. (1-4 seeds/fruit; fruit 2-3x1.8-2.5 cm, surround by the enlarged persistent calyx)

8.02

Garrard, A. 1955. The germination and longevity of seeds in a tropical environment. Gard. Bull. (Singapore) 14: 534-545.

unlikely (no dormancy in C. subcordata, which has a similar fruit)

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

apparently "nearly eradicated by a moth in the late 1800s" in Hawai‘i