Cordia sebestena risk assessment

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

Cordia sebestena

RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1

Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

	Cordia sebestena; largeleaf geigertree		Answer
1.01	Is the species highly domesticated?	y=-3, n=0	n
1.02	Has the species become naturalized where grown?	y=-1, n=-1
1.03	Does the species have weedy races?	y=-1, n=-1	n
2.01	Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”	See Append 2	2
2.02	Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2		2
2.03	Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)	y=1, n=0	n
2.04	Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates	y=1, n=0	y
2.05	Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2	?=-1, n=0	y
3.01	Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05
3.02	Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.03	Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.04	Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.05	Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	y
4.01	Produces spines, thorns or burrs	y=1, n=0	n
4.02	Allelopathic	y=1, n=0	n
4.03	Parasitic	y=1, n=0	n
4.04	Unpalatable to grazing animals	y=1, n=-1
4.05	Toxic to animals	y=1, n=0	n
4.06	Host for recognized pests and pathogens	y=1, n=0	n
4.07	Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans	y=1, n=0	n
4.08	Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems	y=1, n=0
4.09	Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle	y=1, n=0
4.1	Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)	y=1, n=0	y
4.11	Climbing or smothering growth habit	y=1, n=0	n
4.12	Forms dense thickets	y=1, n=0	n
5.01	Aquatic	y=5, n=0	n
5.02	Grass	y=1, n=0	n
5.03	Nitrogen fixing woody plant	y=1, n=0	n
5.04	Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)	y=1, n=0	n
6.01	Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat	y=1, n=0	n
6.02	Produces viable seed.	y=1, n=-1	y
6.03	Hybridizes naturally	y=1, n=-1
6.04	Self-compatible or apomictic	y=1, n=-1
6.05	Requires specialist pollinators	y=-1, n=0	n
6.06	Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation	y=1, n=-1	n
6.07	Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1	See left	3
7.01	Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)	y=1, n=-1	n
7.02	Propagules dispersed intentionally by people	y=1, n=-1	y
7.03	Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant	y=1, n=-1	n
7.04	Propagules adapted to wind dispersal	y=1, n=-1	n
7.05	Propagules water dispersed	y=1, n=-1
7.06	Propagules bird dispersed	y=1, n=-1
7.07	Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)	y=1, n=-1	n
7.08	Propagules survive passage through the gut	y=1, n=-1
8.01	Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)	y=1, n=-1	n
8.02	Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)	y=1, n=-1	n
8.03	Well controlled by herbicides	y=-1, n=1
8.04	Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire	y=1, n=-1
8.05	Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)	y=-1, n=1
	Total score:		-1

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Little et al. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second Volume. USDA , Washington DC.

In Puerto Rico "Escaping from cultivation and naturalized on the south coast" BUT it is native to the Carribean Basin from Florida to Venezuela, so this is difficult to interpret.

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: United States - Florida [s.]
Southern America: Bahamas; Belize; Cuba; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico - Quintana Roo [s.e.], Yucatan; Panama
Other: widely cult. in tropics, perhaps native elsewhere in Caribbean

2.02

2.03

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)
(2) Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. (3)http://www.sylvanfarms.com/geiger.htm (4)Adams. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of West Indies Press. Mona

(1) Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: United States - Florida [s.]
Southern America: Bahamas; Belize; Cuba; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico - Quintana Roo [s.e.], Yucatan; Panama
Other: widely cult. in tropics, perhaps native elsewhere in Caribbean
(2) USDA hardiness zones: 10B through 11 (3) USDA zone 10 (4)Elevational range 0-200 m

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: United States - Florida [s.]
Southern America: Bahamas; Belize; Cuba; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico - Quintana Roo [s.e.], Yucatan; Panama
Other: widely cult. in tropics, perhaps native elsewhere in Caribbean

2.05

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)

"widely cultivated in tropics"

3.01

Little et al. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second Volume. USDA , Washington DC.

In Puerto Rico "Escaping from cultivation and naturalized on the south coast" BUT it is native to the Carribean Basin from Florida to Venezuela, so this is difficult to interpret.

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html

An endangered species in Florida

3.05

Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

C. boissieri in Maxico and C. curassavica in Trinidad were listed as principal weed. C. corymbosa in Puerto Rico and C. cylindristachya in Malaysia were listed as common weed.

4.01

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

Trunk/bark/branches: bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian clearance beneath the canopy; routinely grown with, or trainable to be grown with, multiple trunks; not particularly showy; tree wants to grow with several trunks but can be trained to grow with a single trunk; no thorns

4.02

no evidence

4.03

free-living tree

4.04

no evidence

4.05

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_sebestena.html

fruits are edible (poor flavor)

4.06

edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_IN119

Diaprepes Root Weevil Host (generalist pest)

4.07

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_sebestena.html

fruits are edible (poor flavor)

4.08

no evidence, woody plant growing in dry habitats, so it is possible

4.09

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (2)http://www.zoneten.com/FloweringTrees.htm (3)http://westendnursery.com/plants/orangegeiger.shtml (4)http://www.tropilab.com/cordia-seb.html

"Growing in full sun to partial shade," (2)Part shade to full sun (3)Full sun or partial shade (4)full sun / partial shade

4.1

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (2)http://westendnursery.com/plants/orangegeiger.shtml

Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic; alkaline; well-drained (2) Tolerant of light, sandy, alkaline soils

4.11

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

"This dense, rounded, evergreen native tree grows slowly to a height of 25 feet with an equal spread and can develop a trunk 12 inches thick (Fig. 1). The large, seven-inch-long, stiff, dark green leaves are rough and hairy, feeling much like sandpaper. Appearing throughout the year, but especially in spring and summer, are dark orange, two-inch-wide flowers which appear in clusters at branch tips. The splendid flowers are followed by one to two-inch-long, pear-shaped fruits, which have a pleasant fragrance but are not particularly tasty."

4.12

http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html

An endangered species in Florida

5.01

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

erect tree

5.02

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

erect tree

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

erect tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

"Propagation is by seeds or layering."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)http://www.floridawildflowers.org/information-butterflyplants.html (2)http://www.nsis.org/bird/sp/sp-humm.html (3) ASKINS-R-A, ERCOLINO-K-M, WALLER-J-D.1987. FLOWER DESTRUCTION AND NECTAR DEPLETION BY AVIAN NECTAR ROBBERS ON A TROPICAL TREE CORDIA-SEBESTENA. Journal-of-Field-Ornithology.58 (3): 345-349.

(1)Flowers frequented by butterflies (2) Hummingbird visitation (3)The blossoms were visited by birds 191 times during 5.3 h of observation. Two species of hummingbirds fed exclusively from the open ends of blossoms, possibly affecting pollination in the process.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

no evidence

7.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)

"widely cultivated in tropics"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

Fruit
Fruit shape: oval
Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches
Fruit covering: dry or hard
Fruit color: green; white
Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; suited for human consumption.
"pear-shaped fruits, which have a pleasant fragrance but are not particularly tasty."
"Geiger-Tree is quite salt- and brackish-water tolerant, making it ideal for use in coastal landscapes" [possibly the seeds float and are ocean dispersed, similar to C. subcordata]

7.06

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

Fruit
Fruit shape: oval
Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches
Fruit covering: dry or hard
Fruit color: green; white
Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; suited for human consumption.
"pear-shaped fruits, which have a pleasant fragrance but are not particularly tasty."
"Geiger-Tree is quite salt- and brackish-water tolerant, making it ideal for use in coastal landscapes" [pulp is white, extremely thin]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Wrangham, R.W. et al. 1994. Seed dispersal by forest chimpanzees in Uganda. J. Trop. Ecol. 10:355-368.

would need to be a very large animal to consume seeds (chimpanzes disperse Cordia millenii and Cordia abyssinica and passage through gut)

8.01

Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches, 1-4 seeds per fruit

8.02

Garrard, A. 1955. The germination and longevity of seeds in a tropical environment. Gard. Bull. (Singapore) 14: 534-545.

unlikely (no dormancy in C. subcordata, which has a similar fruit)

8.03

no evidence

8.04

bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; requires pruning to develop strong structure

8.05

no evidence

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This page updated 20 May 2005

	Source	Notes
1.01		no evidence
1.02	Little et al. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second Volume. USDA , Washington DC.	In Puerto Rico "Escaping from cultivation and naturalized on the south coast" BUT it is native to the Carribean Basin from Florida to Venezuela, so this is difficult to interpret.
1.03		no evidence
2.01	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)	Distributional range: Native: Northern America: United States - Florida [s.] Southern America: Bahamas; Belize; Cuba; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico - Quintana Roo [s.e.], Yucatan; Panama Other: widely cult. in tropics, perhaps native elsewhere in Caribbean
2.02
2.03	(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002) (2) Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. (3)http://www.sylvanfarms.com/geiger.htm (4)Adams. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of West Indies Press. Mona	(1) Distributional range: Native: Northern America: United States - Florida [s.] Southern America: Bahamas; Belize; Cuba; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico - Quintana Roo [s.e.], Yucatan; Panama Other: widely cult. in tropics, perhaps native elsewhere in Caribbean (2) USDA hardiness zones: 10B through 11 (3) USDA zone 10 (4)Elevational range 0-200 m
2.04	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)	Distributional range: Native: Northern America: United States - Florida [s.] Southern America: Bahamas; Belize; Cuba; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico - Quintana Roo [s.e.], Yucatan; Panama Other: widely cult. in tropics, perhaps native elsewhere in Caribbean
2.05	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)	"widely cultivated in tropics"
3.01	Little et al. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second Volume. USDA , Washington DC.	In Puerto Rico "Escaping from cultivation and naturalized on the south coast" BUT it is native to the Carribean Basin from Florida to Venezuela, so this is difficult to interpret.
3.02		no evidence
3.03		no evidence
3.04	http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html	An endangered species in Florida
3.05	Holm, L.; J.V. Puncho; J.P. Herberger & D.L. Plucknett (1979) A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.	C. boissieri in Maxico and C. curassavica in Trinidad were listed as principal weed. C. corymbosa in Puerto Rico and C. cylindristachya in Malaysia were listed as common weed.
4.01	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	Trunk/bark/branches: bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian clearance beneath the canopy; routinely grown with, or trainable to be grown with, multiple trunks; not particularly showy; tree wants to grow with several trunks but can be trained to grow with a single trunk; no thorns
4.02		no evidence
4.03		free-living tree
4.04		no evidence
4.05	http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_sebestena.html	fruits are edible (poor flavor)
4.06	edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_IN119	Diaprepes Root Weevil Host (generalist pest)
4.07	http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_sebestena.html	fruits are edible (poor flavor)
4.08		no evidence, woody plant growing in dry habitats, so it is possible
4.09	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (2)http://www.zoneten.com/FloweringTrees.htm (3)http://westendnursery.com/plants/orangegeiger.shtml (4)http://www.tropilab.com/cordia-seb.html	"Growing in full sun to partial shade," (2)Part shade to full sun (3)Full sun or partial shade (4)full sun / partial shade
4.1	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (2)http://westendnursery.com/plants/orangegeiger.shtml	Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic; alkaline; well-drained (2) Tolerant of light, sandy, alkaline soils
4.11	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	"This dense, rounded, evergreen native tree grows slowly to a height of 25 feet with an equal spread and can develop a trunk 12 inches thick (Fig. 1). The large, seven-inch-long, stiff, dark green leaves are rough and hairy, feeling much like sandpaper. Appearing throughout the year, but especially in spring and summer, are dark orange, two-inch-wide flowers which appear in clusters at branch tips. The splendid flowers are followed by one to two-inch-long, pear-shaped fruits, which have a pleasant fragrance but are not particularly tasty."
4.12	http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html	An endangered species in Florida
5.01	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	erect tree
5.02	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	erect tree
5.03		no evidence
5.04	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	erect tree
6.01		no evidence
6.02	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	"Propagation is by seeds or layering."
6.03		no evidence
6.04		no evidence
6.05	(1)http://www.floridawildflowers.org/information-butterflyplants.html (2)http://www.nsis.org/bird/sp/sp-humm.html (3) ASKINS-R-A, ERCOLINO-K-M, WALLER-J-D.1987. FLOWER DESTRUCTION AND NECTAR DEPLETION BY AVIAN NECTAR ROBBERS ON A TROPICAL TREE CORDIA-SEBESTENA. Journal-of-Field-Ornithology.58 (3): 345-349.	(1)Flowers frequented by butterflies (2) Hummingbird visitation (3)The blossoms were visited by birds 191 times during 5.3 h of observation. Two species of hummingbirds fed exclusively from the open ends of blossoms, possibly affecting pollination in the process.
6.06		no evidence
6.07	R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication
7.01		no evidence
7.02	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11494 (22 April 2002)	"widely cultivated in tropics"
7.03		no evidence
7.04		no evidence
7.05	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	Fruit Fruit shape: oval Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches Fruit covering: dry or hard Fruit color: green; white Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; suited for human consumption. "pear-shaped fruits, which have a pleasant fragrance but are not particularly tasty." "Geiger-Tree is quite salt- and brackish-water tolerant, making it ideal for use in coastal landscapes" [possibly the seeds float and are ocean dispersed, similar to C. subcordata]
7.06	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	Fruit Fruit shape: oval Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches Fruit covering: dry or hard Fruit color: green; white Fruit characteristics: does not attract wildlife; suited for human consumption. "pear-shaped fruits, which have a pleasant fragrance but are not particularly tasty." "Geiger-Tree is quite salt- and brackish-water tolerant, making it ideal for use in coastal landscapes" [pulp is white, extremely thin]
7.07		no evidence
7.08	Wrangham, R.W. et al. 1994. Seed dispersal by forest chimpanzees in Uganda. J. Trop. Ecol. 10:355-368.	would need to be a very large animal to consume seeds (chimpanzes disperse Cordia millenii and Cordia abyssinica and passage through gut)
8.01	Gilman, E.F. and D.G.Watson (1993) Cordia sebestena Geiger-Tree. Fact Sheet ST-182, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida	Fruit length: 1 to 3 inches, 1-4 seeds per fruit
8.02	Garrard, A. 1955. The germination and longevity of seeds in a tropical environment. Gard. Bull. (Singapore) 14: 534-545.	unlikely (no dormancy in C. subcordata, which has a similar fruit)
8.03		no evidence
8.04		bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; requires pruning to develop strong structure
8.05		no evidence