Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Cordia lutea Lam. ; muyuyo, yellow geiger, yellow cordia

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)Distributional range:
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA
Western South America: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru (2)Marquesas

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN).
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cordia+lutea (2)http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/marquesasflora/results.cfm

2.02

2.03

(1) Hardiness: 9a-11 (2) Frost Tolerance: Tender in Phoenix, needs protection, resistant to 32°F (0°C) (3)dry zone common trees (Galapagos) (4)Dry forest species (5)Most specimens collected < 500 m elevation

(1) http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/68043/index.html (2) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html (3)http://www.junglephotos.com/galapagos/gplants/trees/gtrees.shtml (4)http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0232_full.html (5)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

Distributional range:
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA
Western South America: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN).
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov2/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cordia+lutea

2.05

(1)Louisiana, and Florida

(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/68043/index.html

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

There are many forage species, including Prosopis pallida, Capparis scabrida, C. avicenniifolia, Cercidium praecox, Leucaena trichodes, Acacia macracantha and Cordia lutea. '

http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa41.htm

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

Sun Exposure: Full sun

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html

4.1

free draining soil

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:J4vd5p7Wk2sJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/urbanhort/publications/PDF/Small%2520Trees%2520for%2520Miami-Dade.pdf++%22Cordia+lutea+%22+soil&hl=en

4.11

shrub to small tree, 10 to 25 feet tall (3-7.5 m)

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub to small tree; Boraginaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub to small tree, 10 to 25 feet tall (3-7.5 m)

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Propagation Methods:
From semi-hardwood cuttings
From seed; direct sow after last frost (2)Grow from seed for tree like form.

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/68043/index.html (2)http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/urbanhort/publications/PDF/Small%20Trees%20for%20Miami-Dade.pdf

6.03

no evidence

6.04

" Results suggest that the breeding system of this species is xenogamy, in which the majority of flowers set fruit via outcrossing."

http://csm.jmu.edu/biology/mcmullck/class/Abs8.html

6.05

a generalist in terms of pollinator usage

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:y-DA7dmQiVcJ:www.biology.au.dk/~biojmo/pdf/Olesen%2520et%2520al.
%2520Div%2520Dis%252002.pdf+%22Cordia+lutea%22+seed+dispersal&hl=zh-TW

6.06

Propagation: Seeds, layering

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html

6.07

a fast grower, reaching a height of 12 to feet in two or three years. [minimum for fast growing shrubby plant]

http://www.ronsympson.com/generic49.html

7.01

no evidence

7.02

plants are for sale

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(1) fruit are white drupes [thin flesh or dry]

(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html

7.05

[not a beach plant, although can tolerate some salt; mode of dispersal in its natural dry forest habitat is unknown]

7.06

(1) fruit are white drupes [thin flesh or dry]; (2) "This plant has bright yellow flowers and little berries on it" (3)the big hard seeds of Cordia lutea needed 14 newtons force and only a few large finches can muster that much force. (4)Seeds consumed by Darwn's finches [birds are seed predators but not recorded as dispersing fruit]

(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Boraginaceae/Cordia_lutea.html (2) http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/gal04/events/htmls/shahtl.html (3)http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/galapagos2.html (4)http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/E3D054FE8D0JYL517G71/Contributions/4/X/L/E/4XLENUX28G6HHYRK.pdf

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Birds crack open seeds for food [but not recognized as dispersers]

http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/E3D054FE8D0JYL517G71/Contributions/4/X/L/E/4XLENUX28G6HHYRK.pdf

8.01

Drupes ovoid, globose, or ellipsoid, frequently with watery or sticky fleshy mesocarp and bony endocarp, rarely with corky mesocarp or nutlike without fleshy mesocarp. Seeds 1-4 [characteristics of he genus, fleshy fruit with few seeds]

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=107975

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

C. lutea leaves are not disfigured by Geiger tree beetles.

http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/urbanhort/publications/A-Word-or-Two-XVII.htm