Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y= 1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.01

This is a tropical Amazon forest tree that only recently attracted attention for its promise as biofuel. It has not been cultivated extensively.

McQuarrie, K. 2003. Biodiversity, rainforest refuges and the future. Cultural Bulletin of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1(2): 2.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) [native to] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008.]

2.02

Distribution is well documented.

2.03

(1)The tree tolerates annual precipitation of 1000-4000mm, annual temperature of 20-27 deg C (with no frost) ... Copaiba is a climax species probably ranging from subtropical to tropical dry and wet forest, it is found in both riparian forest and montane semi-deciduous forest. (2)Spans USDA hardiness zones 10-11. (2)(Trabslated from Portuguese) From the point of view of ecological succession, this species is classified as a secondary late to climax species.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008] (2)http://www.tropilab.com/copaiba.html [accessed Feb. 14 2007.] (2)(1)Guerra, Maria Elane de Carvalho, Filho, S.M. and M.I. Gallao. 2006. SEED, SEEDLINGS AND GERMINATION MORPHOLOGY OF Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioidea. Cerne, Lavras. 12(4) 322-328.

2.04

(1) [native to] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008)

2.05

(1)experimental plantations have been established in Brazil. (2)Seeds imported to Austrailia for biofuel

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008) (2)Staff writer. January 9 2006. Diesel tree seeds to fuel farmers' hopes. The Daily Mercury.

3.01

Not found widely outside of its native range

3.02

Unlikely, papers record that it has slow growth (1)(Translated from Portuguese) C. longisfordi is a priority species for reforestation due to slow growth but ecological plasticity.

(1)Guerra, Maria Elane de Carvalho, Filho, S.M. and M.I. Gallao. 2006. SEED, SEEDLINGS AND GERMINATION MORPHOLOGY OF Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioidea. Cerne, Lavras. 12(4) 322-328.

3.03

Unlikely, papers record that it has slow growth (1)(Translated from Portuguese) C. longisfordi is a priority species for reforestation due to slow growth but ecological plasticity.

(1)Guerra, Maria Elane de Carvalho, Filho, S.M. and M.I. Gallao. 2006. SEED, SEEDLINGS AND GERMINATION MORPHOLOGY OF Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioidea. Cerne, Lavras. 12(4) 322-328.

3.04

Unlikely, papers record that it has slow growth (1)(Translated from Portuguese) C. longisfordi is a priority species for reforestation due to slow growth but ecological plasticity.

(1)Guerra, Maria Elane de Carvalho, Filho, S.M. and M.I. Gallao. 2006. SEED, SEEDLINGS AND GERMINATION MORPHOLOGY OF Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioidea. Cerne, Lavras. 12(4) 322-328.

3.05

The two other species in this genus: Copaifera multijuga & Copaifera officinalis, are not known to be weeds elsewhere

4.01

No, the botanical description does not mention any spines or burrs.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 14 2008)

4.02

Unknown, extracts show allelopathic potential. (1)The aim of this paper was to test the extracts of leaves and bark of Copaifera langsdorffii on achene germination of Bidens pilosa, using some mathematical expressions and statistical methods to measure this effect. The aqueous extract of leaves (1: 10), bark total alkaloids fraction (62.5, 125, and 250 mg mL(-1)), and water as control were applied in a Typic Acrustox soil where achenes of B. pilosa were sown. Germination was recorded every six hours, based on embryo protrusion. The total alkaloids fraction at 250 mg mL(-1) significantly reduced the germinability and the rate, increasing the time and asynchrony of germination. The results show C langsdorffii as promising source of natural inhibitors of the germination.

(1)Santana, D.G., Ranal M.A., Mustafa, P.C.V., and R.M.G. Silva. 2006. Germination measurements to evaluate allelopathic interactions. Allelopathy Journal. 17(1): 43-52.

4.03

Not parasitic in growth form.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

unlikely, although young plants have higher concentrations of secondary compounds (1). No evidence.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

Extracts are not toxic to humans

www.aromaforlife.com/oil_balsamcopaiba.htm

4.08

(1)The balsamiferous wood, with density of 700-900 kg/cu m, burns readily, perhaps even when green.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008)

4.09

(1)Seedlings germinate well in dense shade.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008)

4.10

(1)Copaiba grows well on dark-red latosols and lithosols, it tolerates soil pH of 4.5-7.5 and some waterlogging. (2)Species that were more abundant in soils with lower CEC [included] Copafera langsdorffii. [Data from table Table 6. Copafera langsdorffii seedlings grow in low fertility soils, under shade tolerant conditions.]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008). (2)Oliveira-Filho, E.A., D.A. Carvalho, M.L. Gavilanes. Effects of Soils and Topography on the Distribution of Tree Species in a Tropical Riverine Forest in South-Eastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 10(4): 483-508.

4.11

No, species is a tree.

4.12

(1)No, literature states it occurs in diverse forest and is not abundant there.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Not poaceae.

5.03

Yes (Fabaceae)

5.04

No.

6.01

(1)For the whole population, mortality rates during the four years were constant and low (average of 4.8% per year), while recruitment declined during the same period (average of 2.9% per year). The C. langsdorffii seedling and sapling intraspecific density had a negative effect on growth, possibly due to the action of herbivores and pathogens. (2)The continuous size-class distributions indicate that the four populations are regenerating in the area. If we analyse the distributions ... Copaifera would fall into the 'frequent reproducers' category.

(1)Resende, J.C.F., Klink, C.A., and I. Schiavini. 2003. Spatial heterogeneity and its influence on Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Caesalpiniaceae). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 46(3): 405-414. (2)Oliveira-Filho, A.T., A.A. Camisao-Neto, and M.M.L. Volpato. Structure and Dispersion of Four Tree Populations in an Area of Montane Semideciduous Forest in Southeastern Brazil. Biotropica. 28(4b): 762-769.

6.02

1)[Copaifera langsdorffii germination success ranged from 63.9 to 82.6

(1)Leal, I.R., and P.S. Oliveira. 1998. Interactions between Fungus-Growing Ants (Attini), Fruits and Seeds in Cerrado Vegetation in Southeast Brazil. Biotropica 30(2): 170-178.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Yes, but rare (1)Controlled hand-pollinations showed that the species is mostly self-sterile and non-apomictic. However, pollen tubes were observed growing down to the ovary and penetrating the ovules in self-pollinated pistils, a fact which suggests late-acting self-sterility phenomena or inbreeding depression. (2)The estimate of the average multilocus (tm) and unilocus outcrossing rate (ts) was respectively 0.917 and 0.877, pointing out the existence of self-fertilization (8%) in the population studied.

(1)Freitas, C.V., and P.E. Oliveira. 2002. Reproductive Biology of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Revista Brasileira de Botanica 25(3): 311-321. (2)Alessandro, O., deCarvalho, D., and S.C. Rosando. 2002. Outcrossing rate and mating system of a natural population of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. in the region of Lavras, MG, starting from isozyme. Revista Brasileira de Botanica. 25(3): 331-338.

6.05

(1)The most frequent flower visitors and pollinators were Apis mellifera, Scaptotrigona cf. depiles and Trigona spinipes bees. (2)Apis mellifera and Trigona spp. are important pollen vectors for C. langsdorfii.

(1)Freitas, C.V., and P.E. Oliveira. 2002. Reproductive Biology of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Revista Brasileira de Botanica 25(3): 311-321.(2)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008).

6.06

Reproduces by seed.

Guerra, Maria Elane de Carvalho, Filho, S.M. and M.I. Gallao. 2006. SEED, SEEDLINGS AND GERMINATION MORPHOLOGY OF Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioidea. Cerne, Lavras. 12(4) 322-328.

6.07

(1)Species requires 15-20 years to reach maturity.

(1)Staff writer. January 9 2006. Diesel tree seeds to fuel farmers' hopes. The Daily Mercury.

7.01

No as Copaiba is a climax forest tree species not found in heavily trafficked areas.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [accessed Feb. 14 2008]

7.02

(1)They say that money doesn't grow on trees, but a Queensland farmer believes fuel does. Mike Jubow, a nursery wholesaler from Mackay, has begun importing seed from Brazil to plant diesel trees.

(1)Staff writer. Sept. 19 2006. Austrailian farmer planning diesel tree biofuel. Sidney Morning Herald.

7.03

Fruits are large to be accidentally transported in this manner (1)Fruit ovoid, compressed, 2 x 3cm, coriaceous, with one large seed

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [accessed Feb. 14 2008]

7.04

Fruits are large to be accidentally transported in this manner (1)Fruit ovoid, compressed, 2 x 3cm, coriaceous, with one large seed

(1)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [accessed Feb. 14 2008]

7.05

Unknown

7.06

(1)Among the native species we found in tapir scat, only E. edulis and Copaifera langsdorfii are dispersed primarily by birds. (2) Birds as dispersers of Copaifera langsdori (Caesalpiniaceae) in Sao Carlos, state of Sao Paulo. Ararajuba (Rio de Janeiro).-Ten species are seed dispersers. Germination rate was 100% after 28 days.

(1)Galetti, M., A. Keuroghlian, L. Hanada, and M.I. Morato. 2001. Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by the Lowland Tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in Southeast Brazil. Biotropica. 33(4): 723-726. (2)Trapp, J.L., and D.A. Wiedenfeld. The Auk. 108(3) Supplement: Recent Ornithological Literature: 1-46.

7.07

(1)Removal experiments using fruits of selected plant species revealed that attine ants (including the leaf-cutters Atta and Acrorryrmex) not only actively clean the seeds (remove fruit pulp), but also carry them up to 12 m in the cerrado. ... Aril removal by attines also increases germination success of Coparfera langsdorfii (Leguminosae) and Virola sebzfera (Myristicaceae) seeds. The results indicate that attine-fruitiseed interactions are particularly conspicuous in the cerrado, suggesting that fungus-growing ants may play a relevant role in fruitlseed biology in this vegetation type. Potential ant-derived benefits to diaspores of nonmyrmecochorous plants in the cerrado would include secondary seed dispersion and/or increased germination success by ant-handled seeds.

(1)Inara, I.R., and P.S. Olivera. 1998. Interactions between Fungus-Growing Ants (Attini), Fruits and Seeds in Cerrado Vegetation in Southeast Brazil. Biotropica. 30(2): 170-178.

7.08

Yes, this tree is dispersed by birds.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1)(Translated from Portuguese) Under natural conditions seeds germinate within 5 days. (2)Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Viability is maintained after 8 months storage at 7.8% moisture content and 3 deg C.

(1)Guerra, Maria Elane de Carvalho, Filho, S.M. and M.I. Gallao. 2006. SEED, SEEDLINGS AND GERMINATION MORPHOLOGY OF Copaifera langsdorfii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioidea. Cerne, Lavras. 12(4) 322-328.(2)http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17961 [Accessed Feb. 7 2008)

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown