Congea tomentosa Roxb. Family - Verbenaceae. Common Names(s) -shower of orchids, lluvia de orquídeas, rong bao teng, terciopelo. Synonym(s) - Congea tomentosa var. oblongifolia

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: China; Bangladesh; India; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11256#common [Cited 2009 September 22].

2.02

(1) Native to: China; Bangladesh; India; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11256#common [Cited 2009 September 22].

2.03

(1) USDA hardiness zones 10-11. Does not tolerate frost. (2) Mixed forests; 600-1200 m.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cong_tom.cfm [Cited 2009 September 22]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019359 [Cited 2009 September 22].

2.04

(1) Native to: China; Bangladesh; India; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11256#common [Cited 2009 September 22].

2.05

No evidence of repeated introductions.

3.01

(1) Reported to be naturalizing in Queensland. But possibly listed as doubtfully naturalizing by the Queensland Herbarium.

(1) http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/weed_spotters_spring07_newsletter.pdf [Cited 2009 September 22].

3.02

(1) No evidence of weediness and control efforts.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/congea_tomentosa/ [Cited 2009 September 22].

3.03

(1) No evidence of weediness and control efforts.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/congea_tomentosa/ [Cited 2009 September 22].

3.04

(1) No evidence of weediness and control efforts.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/congea_tomentosa/ [Cited 2009 September 22].

3.05

(1) No evidence of a congeneric weed and control efforts.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/congea_tomentosa/ [Cited 2009 September 22].

4.01

(1) Branchlets densely yellowish tomentose when young, becoming grayish. Petiole 5-13 mm, densely tomentose; leaf blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, or ovate, 6-16 X 3-9.5 cm, papery, abaxially densely pilose, adaxially densely pilose when young but becoming sparsely pilose to subglabrous, base rounded to subcordate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; veins 5 or 6, abaxially prominent. Cymes (5-)7(-9)-flowered, densely white pilose; involucral bracts 3 or 4, purple, oblong, obovate-oblong, or broadly elliptic, 2-3 0.8-1.2 cm, pubescent, base pilose. Calyx funnelform, ca. 7 mm, lobes 1/2 as long as tube, outside densely pilose, inside pubescent. Corolla, glabrous except pilose in throat, tube longer than calyx. Stamens long exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style exserted. Drupes enclosed in an enlarged calyx. 2n = 34.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019359 [Cited 2009 September 22].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Branchlets densely yellowish tomentose when young, becoming grayish. Petiole 5-13 mm, densely tomentose; leaf blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, or ovate, 6-16 X 3-9.5 cm, papery, abaxially densely pilose, adaxially densely pilose when young but becoming sparsely pilose to subglabrous, base rounded to subcordate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; veins 5 or 6, abaxially prominent. Cymes (5-)7(-9)-flowered, densely white pilose; involucral bracts 3 or 4, purple, oblong, obovate-oblong, or broadly elliptic, 2-3 0.8-1.2 cm, pubescent, base pilose. Calyx funnelform, ca. 7 mm, lobes 1/2 as long as tube, outside densely pilose, inside pubescent. Corolla, glabrous except pilose in throat, tube longer than calyx. Stamens long exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style exserted. Drupes enclosed in an enlarged calyx. 2n = 34.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019359 [Cited 2009 September 22].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 22]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 September 22].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) The leaves of Congea tomentosa are used by the Akha tribe, in Thailand for skin allergies caused by caterpillars. (2) A decoction of the whole plant is drunk and/or used as a bath to help recovering from a fever.

(1) Anderson, E.F. 1986. Ethnobotany of hill tribes of Northern Thailand. I. Medicinal plants of Akha. Economic Botany. 40 (1):38-53. (2) Paisooksantivatana, Y., Kako, S.1997. Ethnobotany of the Karen tribe in Western Thailand. Proceedings of the FORTROP.

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun. (2) Light requirements: Sun

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cong_tom.cfm [Cited 2009 September 22]. (2) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG09700.pdf [Cited 2009 September 22].

4.10

(1) Requires humus-rich, well-drained soil; neutral to acid pH.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=WxW4Scq6kU8C&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=congea+%2B+%22invasive%22&source=
bl&ots=8eD5Fj7lpP&sig=YDpyyrEyX594TsQqaqrZwuUU8qg&hl=en&ei=ZGy5StztB5KyswPe25kX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=
result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=congea%20%2B%20%22invasive%22&f=false [Cited 2009 September 22].

4.11

(1) Congea tomentosa is a non-sensitive branch climber (side branches are variously modified).

(1) http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1664.pdf [Cited 2009 September 22]

4.12

(1) Congea tomentosa is a non-sensitive branch climber (side branches are variously modified).

(1) http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1664.pdf [Cited 2009 September 22]

5.01

(1) Terrestrial vine

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019359 [Cited 2009 September 22].

5.02

(1) Verbenaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?11256#common [Cited 2009 September 22].

5.03

(1) Not a nitrogen fixer.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2009 September 22].

5.04

(1) Congea tomentosa is a non-sensitive branch climber (side branches are variously modified).

(1) http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1664.pdf [Cited 2009 September 22]

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Propagated by seed or root cuttings.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cong_tom.cfm [Cited 2009 September 22].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) To investigate community-level pollination mutualisms in Asian tropical monsoon forests, the researchers surveyed pollinator visits to flowers in forest of the Vientiane plain in Laos. Based on visitation during flowering season, Amegilla spp. are the presumed pollinators of Congea tomentosa.

(1) Kato, M., Kosaka, Y., Kawakita, A. Okuyama, Y., Kobayashi, C. Phimminith, T., Thongphan, D. 2008. Plant-pollinator interactions in tropical monsoon forests in Southeast Asia. American Journal of Botany 95 (11):1375-1394.

6.06

(1) Propagated by seed or root cuttings.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cong_tom.cfm [Cited 2009 September 22].

6.07

Unknown

7.01

Unlikely (1) Drupes enclosed in an enlarged calyx.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019359 [Cited 2009 September 22].

7.02

(1) Congea tomentosa is occasionally cultivated. (1) Congea tomentosa is commonly grown as a garden plant.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=WxW4Scq6kU8C&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=congea+%2B+%22invasive%22&source=bl&ots
=8eD5Fj7lpP&sig=YDpyyrEyX594TsQqaqrZwuUU8qg&hl=en&ei=ZGy5StztB5KyswPe25kX&sa=X&oi=
book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=congea%20%2B%20%22invasive%22&f=false [Cited 2009 September 22]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=iVddBcXcJ7gC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=congea+tomentosa
+%2B+%22hybrid%22&source=bl&ots=lJLC5q2ZUC&sig=IEUwNbsxkOZa_GwH1YDjKf5LblI&hl=en&ei=KHC5SpGhC4eQsgO6lbwd&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=congea%20tomentosa%20%2B%20%22hybrid%22&f=false [Cited 2009 September 22].

7.03

No evidence of produce contamination.

7.04

(1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea.

(1) Fletcher, H.R. 1938. The Siamese Verbenaceae. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. 1938 (1):401-445

7.05

(1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea [no evidence]

(1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea.

7.06

(1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea.

(1) Fletcher, H.R. 1938. The Siamese Verbenaceae. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. 1938 (1):401-445

7.07

No means of attachment. (1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea.

(1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea.

7.08

(1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea.

(1) Members of the family are well equipped for dispersal. "the colored bracts of Congea are probably adaptations for bird dispersal." Wind dispersal is indicated by the involucral bracts of Congea.

8.01

(1) Drupes enclosed in an enlarged calyx.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019359 [Cited 2009 September 22].

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown