Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Coccoloba uvifera


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -5


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Coccoloba uvifera; sea grape

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)http://www.ussl.ars.usda.gov/pls/caliche/Halophyte.query?k=Genus&q=Coccoloba (2)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cocc_uvi.cfm

(1)Pantropical. In North America on the Atlantic Coast it occurs in southern Florida, USA and Puerto Rico.
2) List of countries with natural populations
[France] French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique
Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat
Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
North America: Mexico, [USA] Florida
South America: Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
(3) USDA zones 10b-11

2.02

2.03

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1)This species is widely distributed in Central and South America at low altitude 100-800 m with an average rainfall of 800-1200 mm.
Climate descriptors:
- Altitude range: 100 - 800 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 800 - 1200 mm
- Rainfall regime: bimodal
- Dry season duration: > 6 months
- Mean annual temperature: 12 - 38ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 23 - 25ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 12 - 38ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: > 5ºC (2)Altitudinal range 0-500 m

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
[France] French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique
Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat
Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
North America: Mexico, [USA] Florida
South America: Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela

2.05

(1)Wojtania, A.; Gabryszewska, E. (2000) The effect of growth regulators on the in vitro propagation of Coccoloba uvifera L. [FT: Wplyw regulatorów wzrostu na rozmnazanie Coccoloba uvifera L. in vitro .] Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach, 2000, Vol.7, pp.87-92, 11 ref.
(2)Malathi, S.; Masilamani, P.; Balasubramanian, V.; Rao, R. B.; Brindha, P. (1995) Constituents of Coccoloba uvifera leaves. Fitoterapia, 1995, Vol.66, No.3, p.277, 2 ref.
(3)Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. (1990) Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1853pp. p.1059

(1) Poland (2) India (3) Hawaii

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

listed by Holm et al. as being "present" in the United States (not an important weed)

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

C. acapulcensis was listed as pricipal weed in Mexico.

4.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

C. uvifera is a densely branched shrub or tree, which may reach 10-15 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-70 cm. The bark is thin, smooth, brown; it has short petiolate leaves, thick coriaceous and rigid, orbicular or tranverse, mostly 8-20 cm wide, rounded or truncate at the apex, often emarginate, cordate at the base, minutely puberulent or glabrate beneath, often red or tinged with red or purple, the nerves, the rachis minutely puberulent. The flowers are whitish, fragrant, the pedicels twice ocreolae; fruit ovoid, 2 cm long or less, purple.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"C. uvifera is a densely branched shrub or tree, which may reach 10-15 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-70 cm."

4.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"C. uvifera is a densely branched shrub or tree, which may reach 10-15 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-70 cm."

4.05

http://www.ussl.ars.usda.gov/pls/caliche/Halophyte.query?k=Genus&q=Coccoloba

It has an edible root and fruit

4.06

http://www.fcprac.ifas.ufl.edu/citrustopics/pest%20control/
Diaprepes/Diaprepes%20Proceedings/simpson.hostplants.htm

HOST PLANT OF DIAPREPES ROOT WEEVIL (generalis pest)

4.07

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"Non-wood use: gums; food"

4.08

unlikely (thick, leathery-green, almost succulent leaves)

4.09

(1)Dave's Garden, Inc. (2000-2002) The Palnts Database. Available at <http://plantsdatabase.com/ >(2)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1)"Light requirements: Sun to Partial Shade" (2)Light requirements: very bright

4.1

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1) Descriptors
- Soil texture: light
- Soil types: sandy soils (2)Soil requirments: Light to medium-light, well-drained

4.11

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"C. uvifera is a densely branched shrub or tree, which may reach 10-15 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-70 cm."

4.12

no evidence

5.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

C. uvifera is a densely branched shrub or tree, which may reach 10-15 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-70 cm.

5.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"C. uvifera is a densely branched shrub or tree, which may reach 10-15 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-70 cm."

5.03

no evidence

5.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

C. uvifera is a densely branched shrub or tree, which may reach 10-15 m in height with a d.b.h. of 50-70 cm.

6.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

" Stand establishment using natural regeneration"

6.02

Dave's Garden, Inc. (2000-2002) The Palnts Database. Available at <http://plantsdatabase.com/ >

"The sea grape can be readily propagated by seeds and by cuttings of ripe wood."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

Madriz, R. and N. Ramirez (1996-1997) Reproductive biology of Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) a polygamous-dioecious species. Revista de Biologia Tropical 44-45(3-1): 105-115. Centro de Botanica Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Ciencias, Los Chaguaramos, Apartado Postal 20513, Caracas 1041, Venezuela

[depends on whether monoecious plants are introduced, although these also have low seed production following selfing] AB:" The reproductive biology of Coccoloba uvifera (L.) Jacq. (Polygonaceae) was studied in the Venezuelan coastal zone. Morphological and experimental analysis of floral traits indicated that C. uvifera had two flower types, based on stamens and pistil size. C. uvifera is polygamous - dioecious (monoecious, female and male individuals) at population level. Experimentally monoecious individuals were self - compatible, and a low proportion of fruit and seeds were produced by self - pollination. The number of flowers per inflorescence, fruits per infructescence and fruit weight were higher in dioecious than in monoecious individuals. Pollination was done small insects, mainly hymenopterans. The pollination system is generalist according to insect visitation, frequency, pollen load and site of pollen transportation. Fruit are dispersed by bats. Apparently, the polygamous - dioecious condition in

6.05

Madriz, R. and N. Ramirez (1996-1997) Reproductive biology of Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) a polygamous-dioecious species. Revista de Biologia Tropical 44-45(3-1): 105-115. Centro de Botanica Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Ciencias, Los Chaguaramos, Apartado Postal 20513, Caracas 1041, Venezuela

AB:"Pollination was done small insects, mainly hymenopterans. "

6.06

no evidence

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

no evidence

7.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"C. uvifera is utilized in windbreaks, and land reclamation. "

7.03

no evidence

7.04

fleshy fruit

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1)http://coop.co.pinellas.fl.us/TimeTweb/2001/june01/junejmurphy.htm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cocc_uvi.cfm

(1)ripe fruits red, ovoid nut, "fruit feeds mammals and large birds." (2)Female trees bear reddish fruits that are about 3/4" in diameter, pear-shaped and fleshy with a hard "stone." They hang down in grape-like clusters and attract birds

7.07

no evidence

7.08

Madriz, R. and N. Ramirez (1996-1997) Reproductive biology of Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) a polygamous-dioecious species. Revista de Biologia Tropical 44-45(3-1): 105-115. Centro de Botanica Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Ciencias, Los Chaguaramos, Apartado Postal 20513, Caracas 1041, Venezuela

AB:"Fruit are dispersed by bats. "

8.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"fruit ovoid, 2 cm long or less, purple.";" fruit hangs down in clusters; there are more than 40 fruits in the cluster." [Both the shoot and fruits are not small. I think there will not be more than 25 fully fruited spikes within 1 square meter][only 1 seed per fruit]

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence


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