Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Clusia rosea (autograph tree)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Source

Notes

1.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

1.02

(1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542, (2)http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html (3)Wagner and Herbst. 2002. SUPPLEMENT TO THE MANUAL OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF HAWAI`I. V. 2.5

(1)"becoming naturalized in Hawaii" (2)Listed as "Endangered" by Florida department of Agriculture. (3)Recorded as apparently naturalized on Maui

1.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10952 (02 November 2001)

Distributional range:
Native:
Southern America: Anguilla; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands (British); Virgin Islands (U.S.)

2.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

2.03

http://www.mobot.org/manual.plantas/007841/S008012.html

10-1200m but the specimen reportedly collected at 1200m is not representative, and the given elevation may be inaccurate. Rarely occurs above 800 m, mostly 0-300 m elevation.

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10952 (02 November 2001)

Distributional range:
Native:
Southern America: Anguilla; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands (British); Virgin Islands (U.S.)

2.05

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542; Balakrishna, M.; Bhattacharjee, S. K. 1991. Studies on propagation of ornamental trees, through stem cuttings. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 1991, Vol.48, No.1, pp.87-94; http://www.tfri.gov.tw/tbg/tbgdi159.htm

Hawaii, India , Taiwan

3.01

(1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542, (2)http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html (3)Wagner and Herbst. 2002. SUPPLEMENT TO THE MANUAL OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF HAWAI`I. V. 2.5

(1)"becoming naturalized in Hawaii" (2)Listed as "Endangered" by Florida department of Agriculture. (3)Recorded as apparently naturalized on Maui

3.02

not listed in "World Weed"

3.03

not listed in "World Weed"

3.04

State Alien Species Coordinator, DLNR/DOFAW, 1151 Punchbowl St., Rm. 325, Honolulu, HI 96813; ph. 808-587-0164. (http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/specieslist.htm)

native to Florida; not listed in HEAR, World Weed; listed in "Hawaii's Most Invasive Horticultural Plants" but no justification given

3.05

No Clusia sp. is listed in Holmes "Geographic Atlas of World Weeds"

4.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

4.04

4.05

http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~djw/plantnam.html; http://www.fau.edu/divdept/science/envsci/poison-pl.html

listed as poisonous by FDA; fruit toxic; sap laxative. Fruit is unlikely to be eaten by grazing animals.

4.06

4.07

no evidence

4.08

KHC personal observation

succulent, slow growing leaves

4.09

Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida

shade tolerant

4.1

http://www.neoflora.com/cgi-bin/plant_profile.cgi?plant_sid=500257

sandy loam to clay loam

4.11

strangler, smothers neighboring trees with aerial roots

4.12

not reported to form

5.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

5.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

5.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

5.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

6.03

6.04

Maguire, B. 1976 Apomixis in the genus Clusia (Clusiaceae). - A preliminary report. Taxon, 1976, Vol.25, No.2/3, pp.241-244, 14

p.241 "apomixis occur in C. rosea"

6.05

Maguire, B. 1976 Apomixis in the genus Clusia (Clusiaceae). - A preliminary report. Taxon, 1976, Vol.25, No.2/3, pp.241-244, 14

p.241 "apomixis occur in C. rosea"

6.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

with large fruit

7.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

oramental

7.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

7.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

7.05

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

7.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

being spread by birds

7.07

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

7.08

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. P.542

dispersed by birds

8.01

personal observation

produce up to 200 seeds/fruit

8.02

8.03

8.04

not reported, unlikely given growth form, slow leaf formation

8.05