Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Clerodendrum paniculatum (pagoda plant, pagoda flower)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Naturalizes from sea level to 250 m in Fiji. (2)Cultivated in all warm regions of the world where it is often naturalized

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm (2)Rueda-Ricardo-M. 1993. The genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden. 80 (4) 870-890.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Native to India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and much of southern Asia.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

2.02

2.03

(1)Naturalizes from sea level to 250 m in Fiji. (2)USDA zones 8 to 11 (2)Wet tropical forest, along streams, and in open grassy marshes mainly at elevations below 500 m

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm (3)Rueda-Ricardo-M. 1993. The genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden. 80 (4) 870-890.

2.04

Native range: India, China, and Taiwan south to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and into Malaysia.

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm

2.05

(1)Present in: Pacific islands: American Samoa (Tutuila (cult.), Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk (Weno), Pohnpei, Yap), Fiji, French Polynesia (Tahiti, Moorea), Guam, Marshall Islands (Majuro (cult.)), Palau (Koror), Papua New Guinea (New Ireland—Graham Donnelly, communications to Pacific Pestnet list server), Samoa (Upolu, Savai‘i).
Pacific rim: China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand; Vietnam (2)It is cultivated in tropical gardens throughout the world.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

3.01

(1)Naturalizes from sea level to 250 m in Fiji. (2)Cultivated in all warm regions of the world where it is often naturalized

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm (2)Rueda-Ricardo-M. 1993. The genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden. 80 (4) 870-890.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)it is not really invasive, and rarely becomes a nuisance. (2)Not recognized as naturalized in Florida

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cler_pan.cfm (2)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville

3.05

AB: A literature review and field survey of some of the major islands of SW Pacific (Fiji, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon and Cook Islands, Nauru, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Western and American Samoa and Tonga) revealed the presence of about 520 weed species in the region, most of which were introduced form other tropical or subtropical areas. Eighteen of them are considered to have a significant impact on crop or pasture production in at least 1 of the countries, and are either currently widespread or likely to become so. (Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Cassia tora, Clerodendrum philippinum, Commelina benghalensis, Cyperus rotundus, Elephantopus mollis, Eleusine indica, Kyllinga monophylla, Lantana camara, Mikania micrantha, Mimosa invisa, Ocimum gratissimum, Psidium guajava, Sida acuta, Solanum torvum, Stachytarpheta urticaefolia and Synedrella nodiflora ).

Swarbrick, J. T. (1989) Major weeds of the tropical South Pacific.
AU: Proceedings, 12th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference., 1989, No.1, pp.21-30, 7 ref.

4.01

No evidence

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Fungi found to be associated with C. paniculatum Aecidium clerodendri
Balladynastrum clerodendri
Dimerina citricola
Endophyllum superficiale
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Hemileia scholzii
Hemileia scholzii
Meliola clerodendricola
Meliola sakawensis
Oidium sp.
Did not find the above pathogens to be recognized pests.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - 'Semiwoody shrub with evergreen leaves.'

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

4.09

Full sun is best but pagoda flower will tolerate partial shade.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

4.1

(1)It does best in a rich, slightly moisture retentive soil. (2)moist but well drained soils

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cler_pan.cfm (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber Press.

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

A "shrub 1-2 m. high

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm

5.02

Verbenaceae

5.03

Verbenaceae

5.04

no evidence

6.01

Propagation: Seed

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm

6.02

Propagation: Seed

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm

6.03

no evidence

6.04

6.05

Probably not- flowers do not appear to have any special adaptation for specialist pollinators.(2) "One of the more spectacular butterfly-attracting plants "

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm
One of the more spectacular butterfly-attracting plants is the pagoda flower (2) http://www.southerngardening.com/l&g/lg981105.htm

6.06

(1)Propagation: Seed (2)In cultivation produces root suckers and spreads around the garden.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

6.07

Pagoda flower is a fast growing, but short lived shrub.[estimate for a fast growing shrub]

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm

7.02

Probably yes - an ornamental plant.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_pan.cfm

7.03

no products

7.04

Probably not - In the genus Clerodendrum the fruit is usually drupaceous, globose or obovoid.

Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.05

Probably not - no evidence that the species grows near water bodies.

7.06

Probably yes - 'fruit drupaceous, greenish blue to black at maturity'

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm

7.07

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

Probably yes - 'fruit drupaceous, greenish blue to black at maturity'

http://www.hear.org/pier/clpan.htm

8.01

Pagoda flower in cultivation often fails to produce fruit and seeds.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cler_pan.cfm

8.02

No information regarding seed survival.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

It can be expected to sprout back in spring after dying to the ground in winter.

http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cler_pan.cfm

8.05

Don’t know.