Clerodendrum macrostegium Schauer (velvetleaf glorybower) Verbenaceae

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Philippines - Luzon, Mindoro, Panay 

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?446769

2.02

2.03

(1) Book refers to USDA zone 10 for optimal growth.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=cBfKhbj5xXIC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=clerodendrum+macrostegium&source=web&ots=-ize1SBijQ&sig=0-2d8UxIy8Ky5PuSeWtUfuhQQo8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result; Courtright, Gordon. 1995. Tropicals. Timber Press. 155 p.

2.04

(1) Native to Philippines - Luzon, Mindoro, Panay (2) Naturalized in Hawaii. (3) C. macrostegium is naturalized on the island of Kauai's. (4) There is a new state record at the Bishop museum 5/1995 that states there was a naturalized plant found at Alexander’s nursery in Wailua and is spreading by suckers.  Also naturalized plants were found spreading at Olu Pua gardens by suckers and bird-dispersed seeds. Plants appeared after Hurricane Iniki. 

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?446769 (2) http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CLMA24 (3) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_macrostegium.pdf (4) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.  

2.05

There have been a number of introductions at arboretums in Hawaii. However, I was unable to find information on introductions in other regions or to the general public. (1) Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu (2) Olu Pua gardens, Kauai (3) The Bishop Museum has voucher specimens of C. macrostegium from these botanical gardens in Hawaii: Foster Botanical Garden, Harold L. Lyon Arboretum Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden Waimea Aboretum & Botanical Garden

(1) Daehler, Curtis C./Baker, Raymond F. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants around Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:3-18. (2) http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants/default.asp?pg=search&str=clerodendrum&fld=&lngID=201292717

3.01

(1) Naturalized in Hawaii. (2) C. macrostegium is naturalized on the island of Kauai. (3) There is a new state record at the Bishop museum 5/1995 that states there was a naturalized plant found at Alexander’s nursery in Wailua and is spreading by suckers.  Also naturalized plants were found spreading at Olu Pua gardens by suckers and bird-dispersed seeds. Plants appeared after Hurricane Iniki. 

(1) http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CLMA24 (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_macrostegium.pdf (3) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.  

3.02

(1) C. macrostegium has proved to be invasive in gardens due to reproduction of plants through root suckers. Often some distance from the parent plant. (2) There is a new state record at the Bishop museum 5/1995 that states there was a naturalized plant found at Alexander’s nursery in Wailua and is spreading by suckers. Also naturalized plants were found spreading at Olu Pua gardens by suckers and bird-dispersed seeds. Plants appeared after Hurricane Iniki.

(1) Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.  

3.03

Don't know. No evidence found that species is a weed in these systems.

3.04

Don't know. No information suggesting that the species is having an effect on ecosystem processes.

3.05

(1) C. quadriloculare is considered invasive on Islands of the Federated States of Micronesia: Fefan, Kosrae and Ponpae Island; Palau Islands: Anguar, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Ngerkebesang, Peleliu, Ngercheu and Koror Islands; Samoa and Western Samoa Islands: Savai'i and Upolu Islands.(2) C. chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley, C. kaempferi (Jacq.) Siebold ex Steud., C. paniculatum f. albiflorum (Hemsl.) Hsieh, all listed as invasive species in Taiwan Invasive Species Database. (3) Report discussing (including lists) invasive plant species of the Pacific Islands including Clerodendrum spp. (4) C. buchananii and C. quadriloculare are both considered high risk on the Hawaii and the Pacific Weed Assessment list.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_quadriloculare.htm (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=102&taxon_id=107332 (3) Sherley, G. (ed.).I2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft regional strategy. Apia, Samoa. South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme. 190p. (4) http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/daehler/WRA/full_table.asp

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs noted.

(1) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.

4.02

Don't know. I wasn't able to find information on C. macrostegium, however other species in the genus have allelopathic properties. (1) The dried and chopped leaves of C. trichotomum inhibited weed emergence by more than 80% in a rice paddy experiment in Southeast Asia. (2) S.C. Datta and S.D. Charkraborti observed that the leaf extract of C. viscosum inhibited seed germination.

(1) Hong, N.H., T.D. Xuan, E. Tsuzuki, H. Terao, M. Matsuo, and T.D. Khanh. 2004. Weed control of four high plant species in paddy rice fields in Southeast Asia. J. Agronomy & Crop Science 190:59-64. (2) http://journals.sfu.ca/bd/index.php/BJSIR/article/viewFile/477/490

4.03

4.04

Don't know, but another species in the genus is considered unpalatable. (1) Comment that even goats won't eat C. bungei.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cler_bun.cfm

4.05

No evidence of toxicity in literature or in Toxnet and Pubmed databases.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

Don't know. No references in Toxnet, Pubmed or other literature

4.08

Don't know.

4.09

Don't know

4.10

No evidence

4.11

(1) A large shrub or tree, growing to a height of up to 20 ft.

(1) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.

4.12

(1) On Maui, this species can be observed in wet areas from Nahiku to Hana where it forms thickets on roadsides, in gardens, and pastures.

(1) http://209.85.173.104/custom?q=cache:DTPZl_c9RxsJ:
www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_macrostegium.pdf+clerodendrum+macrostegium&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us

5.01

(1) A large shrub or tree.

(1) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.

5.02

(1) A large shrub or tree.

(1) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.

5.03

(1) The genus Clerodendrum does not fix nitrogen.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation

5.04

(1) A large shrub or tree.

(1) Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1997. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 49:9-13.

6.01

Don't know

6.02

(1) C. macrostegium can be propagated by seeds

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_macrostegium.pdf

6.03

Don’t know. (1) Some species are closely related and hybridization is reported.

(1) Rueda, R.M. 1993. The genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4):870-890.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)Pollination in Clerodendrum is mostly carried out by butterflies, moths and bees, which extract the nectar from the base of the corolla tube. In [Description of pollinators from Mesoamerica, but Genus has salverform to funnelform flowers which does not suggest adaptation for specialized pollinators.] (2)The corolla of the verbenaceous flower typically is salverform, with a long and slender tube plus an abruptly spreading limb that usually is somewhat bilabiate...Bees and flies seek the nectar secreted at the base of the ovary by the disc. [Family description]

(1)Rueda, R. M. 1993. The Genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 870-890. (2)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill.

6.06

of which are >5 m apart.

(1) Staples, G.W., D. Herbst & C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 65: 35 p.(2) Starr, F., K. Starr, L.L. Loope. 2006. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. In: Evenhuis, N.L. and L.G. Eldredge. eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:31-43.

6.07

Don't know

7.01

The species has been recorded from botanical gardens and arboretums. Seeds are drupes and would probably not be unintentionally dispersed. (1) Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu (2) Olu Pua gardens, Kauai (3) The Bishop Museum has voucher specimens of C. macrostegium from these botanical gardens in Hawaii: Foster Botanical Garden, Harold L. Lyon Arboretum Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden Waimea Aboretum & Botanical Garden

(1) Daehler, Curtis C./Baker, Raymond F. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants around Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:3-18. (2) http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants/default.asp?pg=search&str=clerodendrum&fld=&lngID=201292717

7.02

There have been a number of introductions at arboretums in Hawaii. However, I was unable to find information on introductions in other regions or to the general public. (1) Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu (2) Olu Pua gardens, Kauai (3) The Bishop Museum has voucher specimens of C. macrostegium from these botanical gardens in Hawaii: Foster Botanical Garden, Harold L. Lyon Arboretum Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden Waimea Aboretum & Botanical Garden

(1) Daehler, Curtis C./Baker, Raymond F. 2006. New records of naturalized and naturalizing plants around Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Valley, O‘ahu. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 87:3-18. (2) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op49.pdf (3) http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants/default.asp?pg=search&str=clerodendrum&fld=&lngID=201292717

7.03

Shrub/tree is not used for any agricultural/forestry or horticultural activity and fruit is a drupe. Unlikely to disperse as a contaminant.

7.04

(1) Fruits are a drupe. (2) Genus has drupaceous fruit

(1) Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes)

7.05

(1) Fruits are a drupe. (2) Genus has drupaceous fruit

(1) Staples, G.W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2) Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes)

7.06

(1) Seeds are bird dispersed (2) Seeds are bird dispersed.

(1)Staples, G.W., D. Herbst & C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 65: 35 p.(2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_macrostegium.pdf

7.07

No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

(1) Seeds are bird dispersed (2) Seeds are bird dispersed.

(1)Staples, G.W., D. Herbst & C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 65: 35 p.(2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_macrostegium.pdf

8.01

No evidence

8.02

No evidence

8.03

Don't know. No evidence of herbicide control in the literature.

8.04

Don't know

8.05

Don't know