Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Family - Verbenaceae Common Names(s) seaside clerodendrum, embrert, Indian privet, glorybower - Synonym(s) - Volkameria inermis L.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

?

-1

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: China; Japan; Taiwan; Bangladesh; India; Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand; Indonesia; Australia; Marshall Islands; North Mariana Islands; French Polynesia; Fiji; New Caledonia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?417493 [Cited 2010 February 23].

2.02

(1) Native to: China; Japan; Taiwan; Bangladesh; India; Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand; Indonesia; Australia; Marshall Islands; North Mariana Islands; French Polynesia; Fiji; New Caledonia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?417493 [Cited 2010 February 23].

2.03

(1) Clerodendrum inerme is able to thrive near the ocean at the high tide mark. (2) USDA zones: 10b-11. (3) Sea coast; 100-200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [S and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands]

(1) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Clerodendrum_inerme.htm [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56224/ [Cited 2010 February 24]. (3) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019333 [Cited 2010 February 24].

2.04

(1) Native to: China; Japan; Taiwan; Bangladesh; India; Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand; Indonesia; Australia; Marshall Islands; North Mariana Islands; French Polynesia; Fiji; New Caledonia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?417493 [Cited 2010 February 23].

2.05

Unknown

3.01

Unknown (1) The Global Compendium of Weeds lists Clerodendrum inerme as naturalized in Pohnpei. The source Flora List for Pohnpei from Christopher Dahl lists Clerodendrum inerme var. oceanicum. Does not mention naturalization status. (2) "A relatively new comer to Maui, Clerodendrum inerme is not yet documented as naturalized, though it is showing aggressive tendencies in coastal areas where it is planted in South Maui.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/clerodendrum_inerme/ [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 24].

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/clerodendrum_inerme/ [Cited 2010 February 24].

3.03

(1) Global Compendium of Weeds lists Clerodendrum inerme as a weed of sugarcane fields in Java. [no access to source and no evidence of economic impacts].

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/clerodendrum_inerme/ [Cited 2010 February 24].

3.04

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/clerodendrum_inerme/ [Cited 2010 February 24].

3.05

(1) C. quadriloculare is considered invasive on Islands of the Federated States of Micronesia: Fefan, Kosrae and Ponpae Island; Palau Islands: Anguar, Babeldaob, Kayangel, Ngerkebesang, Peleliu, Ngercheu and Koror Islands; Samoa and Western Samoa Islands: Savai'i and Upolu Islands.(2) C. chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley, C. kaempferi (Jacq.) Siebold ex Steud., C. paniculatum f. albiflorum (Hemsl.) Hsieh, all listed as invasive species in Taiwan Invasive Species Database. (3) Report discussing (including lists) invasive plant species of the Pacific Islands including Clerodendrum spp. (4) C. buchananii and C. quadriloculare are both considered high risk on the Hawaii and the Pacific Weed Assessment list.

(1) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/clerodendrum_quadriloculare.htm [Cited 2010 February 23]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=102&taxon_id=107332 [Cited 2010 February 23]. (3) Sherley, G. (ed.).I2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft regional strategy. Apia, Samoa. South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme. 190p. (4) http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/daehler/WRA/full_table.asp [Cited 2010 February 23].

4.01

(1) Evergreen sprawling shrub 1-1.8 m tall. Stems woody, smooth. Leaves ovate to elliptical (5-10 cm) long, acute to acuminate tip, green, smooth, slightly shiny upper surface, pinnate venation, margins entire, leaves opposite, simple.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

4.02

Don't know. I wasn't able to find information on C. inerme, however other species in the genus have allelopathic properties. (1) The dried and chopped leaves of C. trichotomum inhibited weed emergence by more than 80% in a rice paddy experiment in Southeast Asia. (2) S.C. Datta and S.D. Charkraborti observed that the leaf extract of C. viscosum inhibited seed germination.

(1) Hong, N.H., T.D. Xuan, E. Tsuzuki, H. Terao, M. Matsuo, and T.D. Khanh. 2004. Weed control of four high plant species in paddy rice fields in Southeast Asia. J. Agronomy & Crop Science 190:59-64. (2) http://journals.sfu.ca/bd/index.php/BJSIR/article/viewFile/477/490 [Cited 2010 February23].

4.03

(1) Not parasitic. (2) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019333 [Cited 2010 February 24]. (1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2010 February 24].

4.04

(1) Clerodendrum inerme is one of the best plants used for the hedge. It is drought resistant and also not palatable to wandering cattle or goats. (2) Cattle graze on Clerodendrum inerme in the mangrove forests of Vietnam. (3) "Indeed, apart from the tannins and phenolics, many exotic chemicals are known from mangroves which may deter herbivory. Clerodendrum inerme contains neo-clerodane diterpenes which are responsible for growth inhibition and anti-feeding activity in insects ..."

(1) http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070901/real1.htm [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=wqk0NEr-Gc8C&pg=PA86&lpg=PA87&ots=7IhMq6ZlJ7&dq=clerodendrum+inerme+%2B+%22cattle%22 [Cited 2010 February 24].v (3) http://books.google.com/books?id=FDXCLuG9ZCcC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=clerodendrum+inerme+%2B
+%22unpalatable%22&source=bl&ots=nMyyiC9Wt4&sig=_3N9iaSPiLw0GNuwYJHSMGil30M&hl=en&ei=
G5qFS_7KE5P0sgOan8iNCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA [Cited 2010 February 24].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 February 24].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) Clerodendrum inerme is a medicinal shrub that is used in the treatment of skin diseases, venereal infections, elephantiasis, asthma, topical burns, and rheumatism. It is used as a substitute for quinine. (2) C. inerme is used by the natives of Guam, the Philippines, and Samoa as a remedy for intermittent fevers. The leaves, made into poultices, applied to swellings prevent suppuration.

(1) Avani, K., Harish, P., Neeta, S., 2006. Ex situ conservation method for Clerodendrum inerme: a medicinal plant of India. African Journal of Biotechnology 5, 415-418 (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=bYFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA231&lpg=PA231&dq=
clerodendrum+inerme+%2B+"weed"&source=bl&ots=NRcOEm3Y5a&sig=asEKZorIk6YN8RUX3Cw-k-G3JPc&hl=en&ei=242FS4_BAYWosgOGmJCpDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCEQ6AEwBg [Cited 2010 February 24].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Sun exposure: full sun, sun to partial shade, light shade, partial to full shade, full shade (2) Sun loving plant. (3) Light requirement: semi-shade

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56224/ [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Clerodendrum_inerme.htm [Cited 2010 February 24]. (3) http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/redbook/Butterfly-attracting-plants.pdf [Cited 2010 February 244].

4.10

(1) The plant is not choosy about soil and can even handle drought. (2) Clerodendrum inerme is very salt, heat and wind tolerant and thrives in any soil, including beach sand.

(1) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Clerodendrum_inerme.htm [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=NV_fOHuI86QC&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=clerodendrum+inerme+%2B+%22soil
%22&source=bl&ots=F7bM9hXJ2s&sig=xg_aTFyg7NfjlwoVl74k2DqBBdM&hl=en&ei=dqqFS9CtEpKgsg
PVzJidCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CBUQ6AEwBTgK [Cited 2010 February 24].

4.11

(1) Evergreen sprawling shrub 1-1.8 m tall. Stems woody, smooth. Leaves ovate to elliptical (5-10 cm) long, acute to acuminate tip, green, smooth, slightly shiny upper surface, pinnate venation, margins entire, leaves opposite, simple.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

4.12

Unknown (1) Evergreen sprawling shrub 1-1.8 m tall. Stems woody, smooth. Leaves ovate to elliptical (5-10 cm) long, acute to acuminate tip, green, smooth, slightly shiny upper surface, pinnate venation, margins entire, leaves opposite, simple. [see 4.11].

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

5.01

(1) Evergreen sprawling shrub 1-1.8 m tall. Stems woody, smooth. Leaves ovate to elliptical (5-10 cm) long, acute to acuminate tip, green, smooth, slightly shiny upper surface, pinnate venation, margins entire, leaves opposite, simple.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

5.02

(1) Verbenaceae also put in the Lamiaceae.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?417493 [Cited 2010 February 23].

5.03

(1) The genus Clerodendrum does not fix nitrogen.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2010 February 23].

5.04

(1) Evergreen sprawling shrub 1-1.8 m tall. Stems woody, smooth. Leaves ovate to elliptical (5-10 cm) long, acute to acuminate tip, green, smooth, slightly shiny upper surface, pinnate venation, margins entire, leaves opposite, simple.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) Can be propagated by seeds and cuttings.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

6.03

Unknown. (1) Some species are closely related and hybridization is reported.

(1) Rueda, R.M. 1993. The genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4):870-890.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Pollination in Clerodendrum is mostly carried out by butterflies, moths and bees, which extract the nectar from the base of the corolla tube. In [Description of pollinators from Mesoamerica, but Genus has salverform to funnelform flowers which does not suggest adaptation for specialized pollinators.] (2) The corolla of the verbenaceous flower typically is salverform, with a long and slender tube plus an abruptly spreading limb that usually is somewhat bilabiate...Bees and flies seek the nectar secreted at the base of the ovary by the disc. [Family description]

(1) Rueda, R. M. 1993. The Genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 870-890. (2) Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill.

6.06

(1) Propagated by seeds and cuttings. (2) Reproduces from seed and suckers.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23]. (2) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Clerodendrum_inerme.htm [Cited 2010 February 24].

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1) Clerodendrum inerme is widely grown as a hedge in India.(2) Fruit green turning black, 1 – 1.5 cm long, obovoid.

(1) http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252006/1064.pdf [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

7.02

(1) Clerodendrum inermeis used in landscaping as a groundcover or hedge plant. (2) Clerodendrum inerme is widely grown as a hedge in India.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23]. (2) http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252006/1064.pdf [Cited 2010February 24].

7.03

(1) Fruit green turning black, 1 – 1.5 cm long, obovoid. [not grown with produce]

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

7.04

(1) Fruit green turning black, 1 – 1.5 cm long, obovoid. [no adaptation]

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

7.05

Unknown [does grow near the ocean] (1) Fruit green turning black, 1 – 1.5 cm long, obovoid. (2) Clerodendrum inerme is able to thrive near the ocean at the high tide mark. (3) Sea coast; 100-200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [S and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands]

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23]. (2) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Clerodendrum_inerme.htm [Cited 2010 February 24]. (3) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019333 [Cited 2010 February 24].

7.06

(1) Fruit green turning black, 1 – 1.5 cm long, obovoid.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

7.07

(1) Fruit green turning black, 1 – 1.5 cm long, obovoid. [no means of external attachment]

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

7.08

(1) Fruit green turning black, 1 – 1.5 cm long, obovoid.

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23].

8.01

(1) Fruit drupaceous with four 1-seeded pyrenes or a schizocarp with four fleshy (rarely dry), 1-seeded mericarps (or rarely two 2-seeded mericarps) [genera description] (2) Image show limited seed production based on inflorescences.

(1) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys/lamiales/key/Interactive%2520key
%2520to%2520the%2520genera%2520of%2520Lamiaceae/Media/Html/images/Clerodendrum_L/Clerodendrumflowerupclose
%2520copy.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys/lamiales/key/Interactive%2520key%2520to%2520the%
2520genera%2520of%2520Lamiaceae/Media/Html/Clerodendrum_L.htm&usg=__AB8nsHFrWDR9xzTM-AUeukdSYzc=
&h=513&w=761&sz=84&hl=en&start=19&tbnid=qHIVUYnCUxhm-M:&tbnh=96&tbnw=142&prev=/images%3Fq%3DClerodendrum%2Binerme%2B%252B
%2B%2522seed%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1 [Cited 2010 February 24]. (2) http://www.toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?number=5&find=clerodendrum&imagesonly=1 [Cited 2010 February 24].

8.02

(1) Non-dormant seeds.

(1) Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., 2001. Seeds Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown (1) Propagated by seeds and cuttings. (2) Reproduces from seed and suckers. [no evidence of tolerating or benefit from mutilation although it does sucker].

(1) http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/clerodendrum_inerme.pdf [Cited 2010 February 23]. (2) http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Clerodendrum_inerme.htm [Cited 2010 February 24].

8.05

Unknown