Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)


Clerodendrum glabrum


RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1


Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.
Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey. Family - Verbenaceae. Common Names(s) - Natal glorybower, Smooth Tinderwood; White Cats Whiskers. Synonym(s) - Clerodendrum euryphyllum Mildbr.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Supporting data:

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)native to southern Africa from Angola on the west coast around the Cape to Kenya on the Indian Ocean side, and on the Seychelles and Comoro Islands.

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

2.02

(1)native to southern Africa from Angola on the west coast around the Cape to Kenya on the Indian Ocean side, and on the Seychelles and Comoro Islands.

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

2.03

(1)"It is especially useful because of its tolerance of a wide climatic range. [despite this statement, species appears to be restricted to mostly tropical and subtropical climates] (2)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/117509/ [Accessed 23 June 2009]

2.04

(1)native to southern Africa from Angola on the west coast around the Cape to Kenya on the Indian Ocean side, and on the Seychelles and Comoro Islands.

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

2.05

(1)It has been widely introduced elsewhere in tropical regions.

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

3.01

(1)Disturbed sites. Rare; Miami-Dade Co. Not recently collected. Native to China. Escaped from cultivation. (2)Native Status: Not Native, Naturalized...Clerodendrum glabrum has been found in the following habitat: Disturbed Upland [questionable records of naturalization]

(1)Wunderlin, R. P. and B. F. Hansen. 2003. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. (2)http://www.regionalconservation.org/ircs/database/plants/PlantPage.asp?TXCODE=Clerglab [Accessed 24 June 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/clerodendrum_glabrum/ [Accessed 24 June 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/clerodendrum_glabrum/ [Accessed 24 June 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/clerodendrum_glabrum/ [Accessed 24 June 2009]

3.05

(1)Table 1. List and classification of the 33 most significant invasive taxa in most Pacific islands studied.* [includes Clerodendrum spp. (C. chinense, C. japonicum, C. paniculatum, C. quadriloculare) (Verbenaceae)]...Whistler (1995) documented 170 weeds found on highly disturbed habitats in Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, Guam and Belau (Palau). The list also included 14 introduced plant species “which penetrate into natural ecosystems” such as Clerodendrum chinense,...

(1)Meyer, J-Y. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). Pp. 85-114 in G. Sherley (ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.

4.01

(1)It is a smallish tree, occasionally erect and shapely, more usually lanky or shrubby [no evidence]

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

4.03

(1)It is a smallish tree, occasionally erect and shapely, more usually lanky or shrubby [no evidence]

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

4.04

(1)The winter diet of free ranging Boer goats in Valley Bushveld, KwaZulu-Natal, was determined by direct observations and compared with the diet of indigenous browsers (kudu, eland, giraffe, black rhinoceros) in order to determine which browsers are most compatible with goats for ensuring more efficient use of savanna vegetation. Goats were predominantly browsers during winter, spending 73% of their time eating woody plant forage. Principal woody plant species in the diet included Rhus pentheri, Acacia nilotica, Acacia karroo, Euclea crispa and Ziziphus mucronata. Succulents (Aloe ferox and Aloe maculata) were also readily eaten. Highly preferred species were Capparis sepiaria, Phyllanthus verrucosus and Scolopia zeyheri, while Rhoicissus tridentata, Calpurnia aurea, Acacia ataxacantha, Euclea natalensis, Clerodendrum glabrum, Zanthoxylum capense and Hippobromus paucifolia were strongly avoided. Goats fed between ground level and 1m, with an average feeding height of 0.67m. The diet and feeding height of kudu and goats and of black rhinoceros and goats overlapped to a large extent suggesting that they are potential competitors for food resources. Similarly, overlap in diet between giraffe and goats was extensive, but overlap in feeding height was small. The potential for competition appeared to be the least between goats and eland because, despite feeding at similar heights, they generally consumed different species. A mixed farming system which includes goats, eland and giraffe is proposed as a useful management tool for using savanna vegetation more efficiently. [ Highly preferred species were...Clerodendrum glabrum]

(1)Breebaart, L.; Bhikraj, R.; O'Connor, T.G. 2002. Dietary overlap between Boer goats and indigenous browsers in a South African savanna. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 19(1): 13-20.

4.05

(1)The winter diet of free ranging Boer goats in Valley Bushveld, KwaZulu-Natal, was determined by direct observations and compared with the diet of indigenous browsers (kudu, eland, giraffe, black rhinoceros) in order to determine which browsers are most compatible with goats for ensuring more efficient use of savanna vegetation. Goats were predominantly browsers during winter, spending 73% of their time eating woody plant forage. Principal woody plant species in the diet included Rhus pentheri, Acacia nilotica, Acacia karroo, Euclea crispa and Ziziphus mucronata. Succulents (Aloe ferox and Aloe maculata) were also readily eaten. Highly preferred species were Capparis sepiaria, Phyllanthus verrucosus and Scolopia zeyheri, while Rhoicissus tridentata, Calpurnia aurea, Acacia ataxacantha, Euclea natalensis, Clerodendrum glabrum, Zanthoxylum capense and Hippobromus paucifolia were strongly avoided. Goats fed between ground level and 1m, with an average feeding height of 0.67m. The diet and feeding height of kudu and goats and of black rhinoceros and goats overlapped to a large extent suggesting that they are potential competitors for food resources. Similarly, overlap in diet between giraffe and goats was extensive, but overlap in feeding height was small. The potential for competition appeared to be the least between goats and eland because, despite feeding at similar heights, they generally consumed different species. A mixed farming system which includes goats, eland and giraffe is proposed as a useful management tool for using savanna vegetation more efficiently. [ Highly preferred species were...Clerodendrum glabrum...no evidence of toxicity]

(1)Breebaart, L.; Bhikraj, R.; O'Connor, T.G. 2002. Dietary overlap between Boer goats and indigenous browsers in a South African savanna. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 19(1): 13-20.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Included in a list of 109 anti-venomous plants [no evidence of toxicity or allergy-inducing reactions]

(1)Chifundera, K. 1987. Antivenomous plants used in the Zairean pharmacopoeia. African Study Monographs: 21-35.

4.08

(1)"The Smooth Tinderwood normally grows singly" [no evidence, and unlikely if growing singly]

(1)Thomas, V., R. Grant, and J. van Gogh. 2004. SAPPI Tree Spotting Kwazulu-Natal and Eastern Cape. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa.

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Light Shade (2)Plant in full sun or semi-shade

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/117509/ [Accessed 23 June 2009] (2)http://www.heavensgarden.co.za/c_list.html [Accessed 24 June 2009]

4.10

(1)Hummusy, well-drained, slightly acidic soil [genus description, no specific information found for C. glabrum]

(1)Riffle, R. L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

4.11

(1)It is a smallish tree, occasionally erect and shapely, more usually lanky or shrubby.

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

4.12

(1)"The Smooth Tinderwood normally grows singly" [no evidence]

(1)Thomas, V., R. Grant, and J. van Gogh. 2004. SAPPI Tree Spotting Kwazulu-Natal and Eastern Cape. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

5.02

(1)Verbenaceae

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

5.03

(1)Verbenaceae

(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

5.04

(1)It is a smallish tree, occasionally erect and shapely, more usually lanky or shrubby [no evidence]

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

6.01

(1)Propagation: Seed [no evidence]

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

6.02

(1)Propagation: Seed

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

6.03

(1)Clerodendrum speciosum is a hybrid between C. splendens and C. thomsoniae. [hybridization known from genus; unknown if C. glabrum is capable of natural hybridization]

(1)Riffle, R. L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

6.04

(1)The exact proportion of outbreeding species on Aldabra is far from easy to ascertain, but there are several dioecious species, e.g. Euphorbia pyrifolia and Flacourtia ramontchii, many heterostyle species, e.g. Rubiaceae and Pemphis acidula, and my own observations on living and herbarium material, and the unpublished notes of D. Wood, suggest that several Aldabran species are unstable in respect to their breeding system. Some exhibit a degree of male sterility, for example Apodytes dimidiata, Allophylus aldabricus, Clerodendrum glabrum and Acalypha claoxyloides. Perhaps some are evolving toward a higher degree of outbreeding. [suggests that C. glabrum is evolving towards outbreeding, but unclear it species can also self-pollinate]

(1)Woodell, S. R. J. 1979. The Rôle of Unspecialized Pollinators in the Reproductive Success of Aldabran Plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 286(1011): 99-108 .

6.05

(1)Pollination in Clerodendrum is mostly carried out by butterflies, moths, and bees, which extract the nectar from the base of the corolla tube. (2)"These flowers are perhaps the best of all for attracting insects. Brightly coloured beetles like them. So do butterflies, such as Hypolycaena philippus, which also breeds on Clerodendrum"

(1)Rueda, R. M. 1993. The Genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae) in Mesoamerica. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 870-890. (2)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

6.06

(1)Propagation: Seed [no evidence of vegetative spread]

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

6.07

(1)Flowering begins at three years.

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

7.01

(1)Clerodendrum glabrum E. Meyer var. minutiflorum (Bak. Fosberg Drupe globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, woody, orange-yellow; pyrenes 1 ( - 2 ) , 1-seeded, turbinate, 7 x 4 mm. Endemic; Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo, Astove. Drupe presumably eaten and dispersed by birds, also eaten by tortoise. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Wickens, G. E. 1979. THE PROPAGULES OF THE TERRESTRIAL FLORA OF THE ALDABRA ARCHIPELAGO, WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., USA. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 229.

7.02

(1)Ornamental

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

7.03

(1)The flowers are followed by shiny black berries, beloved by small birds. [no evidence, and both fruits and seeds relatively large and unlikely to accidentally contaminate produce]

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

7.04

(1)The flowers are followed by shiny black berries, beloved by small birds.

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

7.05

(1)Clerodendrum glabrum E. Meyer var. minutiflorum (Bak. Fosberg Drupe globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, woody, orange-yellow; pyrenes 1 ( - 2 ) , 1-seeded, turbinate, 7 x 4 mm. Endemic; Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo, Astove. Drupe presumably eaten and dispersed by birds, also eaten by tortoise. [no evidence that fruit or seeds are buoyant or dispersed by water]

(1)Wickens, G. E. 1979. THE PROPAGULES OF THE TERRESTRIAL FLORA OF THE ALDABRA ARCHIPELAGO, WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., USA. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 229.

7.06

(1)The flowers are followed by shiny black berries, beloved by small birds.

(1)Johnson, D. 2002. Down to Earth: Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.

7.07

(1)Clerodendrum glabrum E. Meyer var. minutiflorum (Bak. Fosberg Drupe globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, woody, orange-yellow; pyrenes 1 ( - 2 ) , 1-seeded, turbinate, 7 x 4 mm. Endemic; Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo, Astove. Drupe presumably eaten and dispersed by birds, also eaten by tortoise. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Wickens, G. E. 1979. THE PROPAGULES OF THE TERRESTRIAL FLORA OF THE ALDABRA ARCHIPELAGO, WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., USA. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 229.

7.08

(1)Clerodendrum glabrum E. Meyer var. minutiflorum (Bak. Fosberg Drupe globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, woody, orange-yellow; pyrenes 1 ( - 2 ) , 1-seeded, turbinate, 7 x 4 mm. Endemic; Aldabra, Assumption, Cosmoledo, Astove. Drupe presumably eaten and dispersed by birds, also eaten by tortoise.

(1)Wickens, G. E. 1979. THE PROPAGULES OF THE TERRESTRIAL FLORA OF THE ALDABRA ARCHIPELAGO, WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., USA. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 229.

8.01

(1)Clerodendrum glabrum E. Meyer var. minutiflorum (Bak. Fosberg Drupe globose, 6-7 mm. in diameter, woody, orange-yellow; pyrenes 1 ( - 2 ) , 1-seeded, turbinate, 7 x 4 mm. [probably not, considered few seeded fruit]

(1)Wickens, G. E. 1979. THE PROPAGULES OF THE TERRESTRIAL FLORA OF THE ALDABRA ARCHIPELAGO, WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D. C., USA. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 229.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown [no information on control of this species]

 

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown


Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!


[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]


This page created 8 December 2009